"Erikson and bowlby" Essays and Research Papers

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    evolutionary and is needed to aid survival. * He did observational research to link orphans with psychological damage. * Babies are helpless and rely on adults. They make instinctive decisions because they haven’t actually learnt anything yet. Bowlby said that babies must be genetically programmed to form attachments with others because this will help them to survive. * Five key aspects to Bowlby’s theory: * Attachment is adaptive and aids survival. * Babies have an innate need

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    Attachment Theories: Bowlby and Winnicott I am particularly interested in attachment theories and ideas arising from objects theory namely Winnicott’s concepts of the transitional object and the “good enough mother”. Having two children‚ now aged 12 and 14 years old‚ I can see how the theories applied to them as babies and how it continues to be of significance now they are entering adolescence. It has also allowed me to understand relational patterns in my own life. I particularly like the recognition

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    and maternal deprivation hypothesis. The essay will describe the two theories‚ weighing up the strengths and the weaknesses. It will include supporting research by Shaffer and Emerson‚ Ainsworth and Harlow‚ along with criticisms by Rutter. John Bowlby (1907-1990) was a child psychiatrist. He was psychoanalytically and medically trained. In 1945‚ after returning from serving in the armed forces medical service‚ he secured a position as head of the Children’s Department at the Tavistock Clinic‚ London

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    a two-way process that endures over time. An evolutionary perspective of attachment was researched by the famous John Bowlby in 1969. Bowlby observed both humans and mammals. Bowlby ’s theory is an evolutionary theory‚ he emphasised that attachment had evolved‚ which means it was not something that was taught‚ because of its survival and reproductive value. According to Bowlby‚ children have an innate (inborn characteristics which are genetically determined) drive to become attached to a caregiver

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    Psychodynamic refers to the inner drives and conflicts of the mind. Psychodynamic counselling is derived from psychoanalytic traditions which originate from the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) and later Klein (1882-1960)‚ Winnicott (1896-1971)‚ Bowlby (1907-1990) and others‚ and it works by identifying the links between the present and the past. Freud believed that talking was an effective way of helping patients to locate the causes of their problems. This belief in the value of the ‘talking

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    Chapter 1: Mother-Love: Worst-Case Scenarios The human need to have our mother near is the theory that is expressed in chapter one. Chapter one goes through a time line of how we‚ as humans‚ came across this theory. The author tends to talk about and describe how as babies the basic need to have mother around is just as important as having food‚ water‚ and clean diapers. The author gives examples of children who were adopted after infancy and children whom had to spend significant amounts of time

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    emotionally for that child. According to Bowlby this detachment will see an increase in disruptive and defiant behaviour as well as a detachment between themselves and their children in the future. Bowlby even goes as far as to suggest that the affected child could possibly grow into an affectionless psychopath lacking and social conscience. Bowlby based his research on a group of children who had been referred to his clinic for stealing (Juvenile thieves). Bowlby found that 32% of them were indeed lacking

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    affectionless psychopathy. Bowlby believed there would be a relationship‚ based on the belief that prolonged separation from the primary caregiver would have a negative impact on social‚ behavioural‚ emotional and intellectual development. Procedure The sample group consisted of 44 teenagers who were referred to the Child Guidance Clinic in London‚ where Bowlby worked‚ who had been involved in stealing. The entire sample lived with their biological parents. Bowlby used a small number of subjects

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    Bowlby (1944) did a study of 44 juvenile thieves. The aims were to investigate the maternal deprivation hypothesis. The participants were 88 children range in age from 5 to 16 were selected were Bowlby worked at a clinic.44 of the children had been referred to the clinic because of stealing. Bowlby identified 16 of these thieves as affectionless psychopaths. A psychiatrist (BowIby) interview the children and their families find out information about the early life. Bowlby found that 86%of

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    Bowlby proposed that over the years a behaviour had been produced that is essential to the survival chances of infants. Humans are born helpless and totally dependent on the actions of a caregiver for food‚ warmth‚ shelter and safety for their well being and survival. If babies did not behave in a way that made an adult care for them‚ and if adults did not become attached to babies‚ then human infants would not survive to reproductive age. The types of attachment an infant experiences form a

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