and disease to occur in an individual‚ a process involving 6 related components must occur. This process has been referred to as the chain of infection. The six steps or links in the chain are etiologic agent‚ reservoir‚ portal of exit‚ mode of transmission‚ portal of entry and susceptible host. To stop the spread of disease‚ one or more of these links must be broken. 1. Etiologic agent a. Metazoan – multicellular animals many are parasites like hookworm b. Protozoa – are single-cell
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Ch. 2: Fundamentals of Epidemiology Causality: determining the cause of a disease Screening test: test given to people who have no symptoms to check for the presence of a particular disease Natural History of Disease: the course of disease if left untreated Latency period: time from start of disease process until signs/symptoms appear (Incubation period: time b/w infection & clinical disease) Nonclinical stage: no signs/symptoms present – pathologic changes occur Preclinical – sings/symptoms
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11/8/2013 Organization of Presentation Disease Stages‚ Transmission of Pathogens‚ and Epidemiology COS Headings: Microbial Growth and Microbes in the Environment Microbiology Demystified: chapter 13 • • • • • • • • • Disease terminology Types of Microbiota Disease classification Host involvement of diseases Stages of disease Modes of transmission and reservoirs of diseases Portals of entry and exit Nosocomial infections and emerging diseases Epidemiology Course Mentor: Kim Shahi‚ PhD Vocabulary
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Gonorrhea Tuberculosis Malaria Meningitis Transmission is the passing of communicable diseases from an infected host individual or a con- specific (belonging to the same species) individual or group‚ regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. MODES OF INFECTION The main modes of infection are categorized into three; Direct Indirect Airborne 1. DIRECT MODE OF INFECTION DIRECT TRANSMISSION By direct or immediate transfer of the agent to an appropriate
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The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Affairs What is microbiology? Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. The word micro means small in Greek‚ implying that microbes are very minute or small life forms that cannot be seen with just the naked eye. One would need a microscope to see these small life forms. Microbes are everywhere and have a large impact on the world. It all started when one of the most important discoveries in history was made in 1665. Englishman‚ Robert Hooke
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Disease Etiology Transmission Landmark Signs/Symptoms Special Characteristics/Interesting Information Impetigo Staphlococcus aureusDirect Contact Itching; crusty‚ honey-colored‚ & flaky scabs typically around mouth Affects children 2-5 years Can heal with no treatment needed Scaled Skin Syndrome StaphlococcusSystemic Infection of normal microbiotaDesquamation (peeling of the skin) Treatment: Antibiotics Frequent in hospital nurseries Necrotizing fasciitis Streptococcus Pyogenes“Flesh eating”
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Exam 2 Study Guide Bio 202 Chapter 13 Differentiate a virus from a bacterium Describe the chemical and physical structure of both an enveloped and a nonenveloped virus. (Include a description of the envelope‚ capsid‚ and core The nucleic acid of a virus is protected by a protein coat called the capsid. The structure of the capsid is ultimately determined by the viral nucleic acid and accounts for most of the mass of a virus‚ especially of small ones. Each capsid
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Chronic & Communicable Diseases Objectives Discuss & give examples of chronic diseases. Define communicable diseases & explain their significance. Discuss disease transmission. Explain how communicable disease is transmitted by: a. intestinal discharges. b. nose & throat discharges. c. zoonoses (animals) Discuss the disease spread by vectors and their control measures. Environmental Impacts Paradigm: Exposure-Response (EIA : EHIA) Exposure - def: any condition
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There were a multitude of theories‚ the two main ones being miasma and fomites. The theory of miasma was that yellow fever and other diseases were spreading because of rotting organic matter caused by the climate‚ such as chemicals in soil which caused what was known as “night air”. The theory of fomites which basically said that microorganisms would attach to non living objects or things‚ such as doorknobs‚ clothing‚ etc…‚ and that was
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Common infections can occur in arid and semiarid areas of the western hemisphere. Dusty fomites from endemic areas can transmit infection elsewhere. It affects all ages‚ both sexes‚ and all races; and is common in summer after wind and dust storms. Coccidioides immitis mode of transmission is mainly due to inhalation of infective arhroconidia from the soil and has a high propensity for airborne transmission and retention in deep pulmonary spaces. Laboratory accidents involving cultures are common
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