ISE105: Computer Fundamentals Lecture 7 Samin Khaliq Today’s Lecture • Programming Languages • History of C • Problem Solving – Flowcharts – Algorithms – Programs • C Program • Comments Types of Programming Languages Low Level Languages 1. Machine language (1GL) • • Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions Example: Calculates nth Fibonacci number 8B542408 FA027706 B9010000 C84AEBF1 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD98B
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Message displayed after profit calculated Type String String Value “Enter the wholesale price.” “Enter the retail price.” Numeric String “Thanks for using this program.” Hierarchy chart: main program housekeeping() Flowchart: detail() endOfJob() Pseudocode: start Declarations num wholesalePrice num retailPrice num profit string WHOLE_PROMPT = “Enter the wholesale price” string RETAIL_PROMPT = “Enter the retail price” string END_LINE = “Thanks for using
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Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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acetoacetate with a ketal group‚ followed by preparation and reaction with Grignard‚ then purification by extraction and recrystallization. The yield was 78.5%‚ but there are impurities present suggested by 1H-NMR‚ IR‚ and TLC. However‚ the results do indicate the desired hydroxyketone was formed. Introduction: The purpose of this multi-step lab was to synthesize 4-hydroxy-4‚4-diphenylbutan-2-one from ethyl acetoacetate. The Grignard reaction is widely used to react with ketones and aldehydes to give
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shown below. 19) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction shown below. 20) A novice chemist wished to prepare 1-methylcyclohexane-1‚4-diol from the keto alcohol shown below by treating it with the appropriate Grignard reagent. Was the chemist successful? Explain. 21) Provide the
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Exp.11) Identification of unknown ketones. Introduction: Given five samples of a known ketone derivative‚ the purpose of this experiment is to identify which unknown ketone derivative corresponds to the five known samples. In other words‚ using specific methods of compound detection‚ it is possible to match an unknown compound with a known compound because similar compounds will display similar characteristics. In this experiment‚ identification of the unknown ketone is accomplished through thin
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Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols C O O H H sp3 alcohol pKa~ 16-18 phenol (aromatic alcohol) pKa~ 10 Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated carbon (sp3) Phenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon of a benzene ring O H C C H C C O chemistry dominated by the keto form 76 enol keto H O H R O H R O R R O O R’ water alcohol R S H ether R S R peroxide R S S R’ thiols thioether disulfides
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aromatic substitution rxns‚ Nucleophilic aromatic substitution rxns (via benzyne or substitution-elmination)‚ Diels-Alder (endo/exo‚ inter/intramolecular)‚ Diene 1-2 and 1-4 electrophilic addition‚ Eliminating bromine from arenes via Grignard‚ Carboxylation of arenes via Grignard 4 Properties of: Amines (pkAs and resonance structures for aromatic and aliphatic molecules)‚ amides (sp2 hybridized by amide bonds)‚ anilines (aromatic amines) Structure of: Sugars (linear (oxidized to acyl group) and ring
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(b) H3PO3 (c) POX3 (d) H3PO2 7) Which catalyst is used in preparation of bromobenzene by bromination of benzene? (a)FeBr3 (b) HBr (c) AlBr3 (d) Br2 8) By which name the reaction CH3 - Br + Ag- F CH3F + AgBr is known? (a) Grignard (b) Wurtz (c) Fitting (d) Swartz 9) What are nucleophilic reagents according to Lewis theory? (a) Acid (b) Base (c) Neutral molecules (d) Positive ions 10) On which of the following factors the stability of carboncation depends?
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group - addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde/ketone = stable tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) - addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good leaving groups (anions i.e. Cl-‚ RO-‚ RCO2-) = unstable - starting carbonyl compound with good leaving group = unstable (makes a Tetrahedral intermediate then collapses to form the starting carbonyl group) i.e. Grignard reagent added to an ester
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