I. Pascal’s Principle: ✓ The pressure applied on one part of container with fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. ✓ Pressure on one side is equal to the pressure on the other side of hydraulic press and lift Pascal Law: “The pressure exerted anywhere in a mass of confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions throughout the liquid.” Equation for Pascal’s Principle: P1 = P2 F1 = F2 A1 A2 Problems: 1. The large piston in a hydraulic
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experiment is to identify a variety of unknown substances’ properties using observations of the temperature changes that occur during evaporation. We know that substances with weaker intermolecular forces‚ such as London dispersion‚ will have a faster vaporization rate and thus a higher temperature difference compared to those with stronger molecular bonds such as hydrogen and dipole-dipole forces. By measuring the average kinetic energy (or the temperature) of the liquid left behind after some evaporation
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Pressure vs. volume (P-v) 3. Temperature vs. volume (T-v) 4. Temperature vs. entropy (T-s) 5. Enthalpy vs. entropy (h-s) 6. Pressure vs. enthalpy (P-h) The term saturation temperature designates the temperature at which vaporization takes place. For water at 99.6 C the saturation pressure is 0.1 M Pa‚ and for water at 0.1 Mpa‚ the saturation temperature is 99.6 C. If a substance exists as liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure it is called saturated
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CHAPTER 10 Liquids and Solids 1. Order the intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole‚ London dispersion‚ ionic‚ and hydrogen-bonding) from weakest to strongest . a) dipole-dipole‚ London dispersion‚ ionic‚ and hydrogen-bonding b) London dispersion‚ dipole-dipole‚ hydrogen-bonding‚ and ionic c) hydrogen-bonding‚ dipole-dipole‚ London dispersion‚ and ionic d) dipole-dipole‚ ionic‚ London dispersion‚ and hydrogen-bonding e) London dispersion‚ ionic‚ dipole-dipole‚ and hydrogen-bonding Ans: b 2. Hydrogen
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Problem Set - Small Molecules (Campbell Chapters 2 and 3) 1. What are the SPONCH elements and what is common among these elements that make them suitable for life? State the four most frequently occurring of the SPONCH elements. Which of the SPONCH elements is found in each of the large biomolecules (carbohydrates‚ proteins‚ lipids‚ nucleic acids). The SPONCH elements are Sulfur‚ Phosphorus‚ Oxygen‚ Nitrogen‚ Carbon and Hydrogen. These are the five key elements that compose living
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energy: Using Korea vacuum hot-water boiler technology to make boiler operating in a vacuum state‚ Low boiling point‚ the latent heat of vaporization (latent heat)‚ heat transfer‚ effectively improve the thermal efficiency‚ high heat transfer performance‚ the body of boiler use design of wet back with three return to effectively improve the radiation and convection heat transfer area. Thermal efficiency of boiler can be up to 91%. High safety and reliability: Vacuum operation unit‚ hot coal in
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Thermochemistry Thermochemistry is the study of heat evolved and absorbed during the chemical reactions. The system is the interest of the universe; the surroundings are the rest of the universe in which the exchange of the energy with the system takes place. Both‚ the system and the surroundings make up the universe. Heat flow is the transfer of heat from a warm place to a cooler one. System to surroundings: Surroundings to system:
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for life? A. Cohesion of water molecules 1. Cohesion: e.g.: 2. Adhesion: e.g.: 3. Surface tension: B. Ability to moderate temperature 1. The unusual specific heat of water leads to temperature stability specific heat – High specific heat of water à temp. stability 2. 3. Evaporative cooling Heat of vaporization: C. Expansion upon freezing 1. Freezes at 0 degrees Celsius – ice 2. 3. 4. D. Versatility as a solvent 1. Solution - 2. Solute - 3. Solvent –
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BOILING AND CONDENSATION BOILING • Phase change phenomenon where in transformation of liquid to vapour occurs at the saturation temperature of the fluid. It occurs at a solid/liquid interface due to convection heat transfer from the solid and usually occurs at surface temperatures higher than the saturation temperature of the fluid Agitation of fluid by vapor bubbles provides large convection coefficients Modified Newton’s law of cooling qs’’ h Ts Tsat Te • • • BOILING – CLASSIFICATON
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calorimetry Chemical Energetics and thermodynamics - 4 The heat that flows across the boundaries of a system undergoing a change is a fundamental property that characterizes the process. It is easily measured‚ and if the process is a chemical reaction carried out at constant pressure‚ it can also be predicted from the difference between the enthalpies of the products and reactants. The quantitative study and measurement of heat and enthalpy changes is known as thermochemistry. 1 Thermochemical
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