22 SPINAL ANAESTHESIA SPINAL CORD ANATOMY VERTEBRAE Vertebral column is central bony pillar of the body. It is composed of 33 vertebrae; 7 cervical‚ 12 thoracic‚ 5 lumbar‚ 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal. Sacral hiatus is th th formed because of incomplete 5 and sometime 4 sacral laminae. A typical vertebra consists of a rounded body anteriorly and a vertebral arch posteriorly (arch consists of two pedicles and two laminae). The vertebral arch encloses the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord
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surrounding the developing spinal cord of a fetus doesn ’t close properly. Its part of a group of birth defects called neural tube defects (Spinal Bifida Association of America‚ 2006). The neural tube is the embryonic structure that eventually develops into the baby ’s brain and spinal cord and the tissues that enclose them. In normal circumstances‚ the neural tube forms in the developing baby early in the pregnancy and closes by the 26th day after conception (Spinal Bifida Association of America
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Outline Spinal Cord‚ Spinal Nerves‚ Somatic Reflexes-Chapter 13 Reflexes- they are involuntary stereotyped responses to stimuli‚ they involve the brain‚ spinal cord‚ and peripheral nerves Spinal cord- cylinder nervous tissue that begins at the foramen magnum and passes through the vertebral canal as far as the inferior margin of the first lumbar vertebrae (L1)‚ 18 inches long and ½ inches wide Anterior Median Fissure- in the front‚ deeper Posterior Median Sulcus- in the back‚ shallow ▪Two Enlargements
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middle layer of the three membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord Ataxia-without muscular coordination Autonomic nervous system-part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary vital functions of the body Axon-part of the nerve cell that transports nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body Bradykinesia-abnormally slow movement Cauda equine-lower end of the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves Cell body-part of the cell that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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The nervous system consists of the brain‚ spinal cord‚ and a complex network of neurons. This system is responsible for sending‚ receiving‚ and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. This system can be divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Let ’s take a look at the central nervous system. Central Nervous System The
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The Central Nervous System or (CNS) is located in the center portion of the body as its name implies. The (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. Our brain is in control of many very important body functions and sensations like these for example: sleep‚ muscle movement‚ memory‚ sexual activity‚ emotions‚ hunger and thirst. Our spinal cord extends several types of nerve fibers from the brain acts like a switching and relay terminal for the peripheral nervous system as is stated in Mosby’s
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brain and spinal cord/vertebrae. The brain is like the central computer that controls all bodily functions‚ and the nervous sends messages back and forth from the brain to the rest of the body. The way the nerves travel is through the spinal cord. It starts at the brain and travels down the spinal cord in the back which contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part. What is it made of? it is made up of three major parts ‚ the brain‚ the spinal cord ‚ and
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Homeostasis > Receptor- Monitors the value of a variable > Control Center- (*brain) establishes the set point around w/c the variable is maintained. > Effector-(*heart) change the value of the variable *stimulus- changed variable. Initiates a homeostatic mechanism Feedback Mechanism 1. Negative Feed – works to restore homeostasis by correcting a deficit within the system. 2. Positive Feedback- Deviation from a normal value occurs‚ the response of the system is to make the deviation
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April Benson Anatomy and Physiology 1 Prof. Schneider January 11th‚ 2014 1. Describe how an early interest in the human body eventually led to the development of modern medical science. Changes in lifestyle were reflected in illnesses and early doctors began to learn how certain herbs and potions affected body functions. The idea that humans could understand forces that caused natural events led to the development of modern science. 2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is deals
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Anatomy and physiology of the brain and spinal cord The brain is a spongy organ made up of nerve and supportive tissues. It is located in the head and is protected by a bony covering called the skull. The base‚ or lower part‚ of the brain is connected to the spinal cord. Together‚ the brain and spinal cord are known as the central nervous system (CNS). The spinal cord contains nerves that send information to and from the brain. The CNS works with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS
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