31.1 NOTES Before the 1800s‚ people thought that illnesses were caused by spirits. Around 1850‚ however‚ that all changed with the developments that were made by three scientists. Their work provided evidence that disease is caused by germs. • In 1857‚ Louis Pasteur came up with germ theory‚ which states that diseases are caused be small‚ physical particles and not spirits. These disease-causing particles are called pathogens. Around 1865‚ Joseph Lister found that cleaning his surgical tools
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trachea. Depression. Inappetance. Poor growth. Poor egg production. Prevention By vaccination (except canary). Chickens well before production. Turkeys by thigh-stick at 2-3 months‚ check take at 7-10 days post vaccination. There is good cross-immunity among the different viral strains. Treatment Flocks and individuals still unaffected may be vaccinated‚ usually with chicken strain by wing web puncture. If there is evidence of secondary bacterial infection broad-spectrum antibiotics may be
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Biology Revision Notes Biochemical Tests: Proteins - add biurettes reagent to the sample. If protein is present‚ clear colour change from blue to purple. Reducing Sugars – add Benedict’s reagent to the sample. Heat in Bunsen or water bath. If reducing sugars are present‚ clear colour changes from blue -> orange red precipitate. Lipids – dissolve sample in ethanol. Slowly pour the solution into the water slowly. If lipids are present a white emulation forms on the surface. Starch – add iodine
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GERMS For as long as humans have been on this planet‚ the microscopic life forms that we call germs‚ or pathogens‚ have been here too. For all this time they have been multiplying in the soil‚ in the water‚ and in our bodies. They are in the mouth‚ on the skin‚ and even in important organs. But that is not always a bad thing‚ because humans could not live without germs. Some germs‚ or "microbes" help digest food‚ while others produce vitamins. Most of the time‚ people and germs coexist peacefully;
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Introduction The purpose of this persuasive essay is to take a position on the topic; Compulsory immunisation for all Australian children and the issues linked to compulsory immunisation. Firstly the persuasive essay will define and immunity; following this relevant diseases to immunisation will be discussed. Finally the essay will explore the major arguments associated with compulsory immunisation for children. Immunisation The immunisation is the process of protection against harmful diseases
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called ___plasma______ cells secrete __antibodies____________‚ which bind to the antigens. Humoral Versus Cellular Immunity 11. ____Humoral________ immunity is directed against pathogens in the extracellular fluid. This immunity involves __B_ lymphocytes. 12. ________Cellular____ immunity is directed against pathogens within the cells. This immunity involves __T_ lymphocytes. 13. Which type of immunity
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Hansen’s disease‚ which is also known as leprosy‚ is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria mycobacterium leprae. Before the germ was discovered‚ the bible discussed leprosy and it was believed to be a condition brought to those who were sinful. The leprosy discussed in the bible is a completely different condition from the modern day disease of leprosy. In the bible‚ leprosy represented a social affliction connected to various skin conditions and mildewing fabrics. Those who had leprosy
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Introduction Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs which can develop from bacteria‚ a virus‚ or toxins and is the sixth leading cause of death in the states. People who are at a higher risk in contracting the disease are the elderly‚ those who are hospitalized for other conditions‚ those with coughs after a stroke‚ smokers‚ those who suffer with malnutrition‚ alcoholics‚ those who have bronchitis‚ those with sickle-cell anemia‚ those undergoing radiation treatments or chemotherapy‚ and those
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patients the novel risk assessment and the treatment strategies and ongoing clinical trials they will go through (Heeger P.S. and Dinavahi MD.R‚ 2012). Human immune system is divided into innate and adaptive. Innate immunity is rapid but with no memory and little specificity. Innate immunity surrounds cellular components (eg. dentritic cells- DCs and natural killer cells -NKCs) and molecular components (eg. toll-like receptors- TLRs). Microbial products or endogenous pro-inflammatory ligands are released
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What does the Lymphatic System do? Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the blood stream It produces‚ maintains‚ and distributes lymphocytes Protects against pathogens Immune system is all body cells and tissues involved in immunity (includes integumentary‚ digestive‚ cardio‚ respiratory‚ etc) Circulation: lymphatic capLymph collecting vessles (w/valves)Lymph nodeLymph trunkLymph duct heart Lymph vessels are a ONE WAY system that carry lymph towards the heart. How do
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