Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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the Dow‚ is a stock market index‚ and one of several indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow. The average is named after Dow and one of his business associates‚ statistician Edward Jones. It is an index that shows how 30 large‚ publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the stock market. It is the second oldest U.S. market index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average‚ which Dow also created
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Chapter Six Businesses and Their Costs Study Questions: 1. Explain the difference between a plant‚ a firm‚ and an industry. Plant – establishments such as a factory‚ farm‚ mine or store. Firm – an organization that employs resources to produce goods/services for profit. Industry – group of firms that produce the same or similar products. 2. State the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of business. Advantages – most effective form of
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explain and calculate average and marginal cost to make production decisions.” Reference: Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Microeconomics‚ 2nd edition‚ Chapter 13. Long-Run versus Short-Run In order to understand average cost and marginal cost‚ it is first necessary to understand the distinction between the “long run” and the “short run.” Short run: a period of time during which one or more of a firm’s inputs cannot be changed. Long run: a period of time during which all inputs can be changed. For example
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product costs are the direct materials‚ and manufacturing overhead that are involved in acquiring or making products. Products costs are assigned to an inventory account on the balance sheet and considered to be assets. When the goods are sold‚ the costs are released from inventory and are recognized as expenses in the income statement. Period costs are all the costs that are not included in product cost‚ such as advertising‚ executive salaries‚ and other nonmanufacturing costs. These costs are expenses
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minor. 2. Does the release by the creditor of one of the sureties discharge the others? 3. Explain the provisions relating to appointment of directors in Producer Company. 4. Two separate company wish to amalgamate. State the steps which they must take for this purpose. 5. Does the failure of inspector to submit his or her report in time amount to an end to investigation? 6. A‚ the secretary of the company is also a minority shareholder. He is removed from the post of secretary. He brings complaint
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Your model should look like this: Now with the cost drivers in place‚ we are ready to calculate Auntie Wuni’s monthly costs. • Leave a row under the Spaghetti: Px/box row and create a subtitle ‘Total Cost of Ingredients’ in cell B28 • Hit Ctrl-B on cell B28 to render the title in bold • Starting from cell B29 and moving downwards‚ populate the cells in this section simply with the name of the ingredients‚ i.e. Oil; Tomatoes; Rice; Pepper; Fish; Cow-leg; Beans; Spaghetti. • Now move the
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------------------------------------------------- Fall 2012 Jaguar plc‚ 1984 Harvard Business School Prod. #: 290005-PDF-ENG. http://hbr.org/product/jaguar-plc-1984/an/290005-PDF-ENG?Ntt=Jaguar%2520plc%252C%25201984 Case Questions 1. Consider Jaguar’s exchange rate exposure. To which currencies is Jaguar exposed? What are the sources of these exposures? How would the company be affected by a 25% decline in the value of the dollar? 2. How should Jaguar’s shares be priced? Estimate the likely value of Jaguar’s equity in the
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Financing thru Stocks Stocks are the owned capital of a business and that it is considered a permanent investment. Stockholders are people who invest in stocks and their ownership in the corporation is evidenced by a stock certificate. Stocks may be obtained thru: * Subscription * Purchase * Issuance of stock dividends Almost all of the initial capital of the corporation including a large segment of the future capital comes from the sale of stock. Stock Financing * Refers
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Stock presentation Harry Gibson In this report I will be discussing the importance and basic principles of stock presentation within retail stores‚ the different policies and procedures each retail organisation has in place regarding the presentation of stock‚ branding strategies‚ store layout patterns and criteria that influence space allocation. I will relate these points to my two chosen retailers: H&M and B&Q‚ both of which are very different with the products they sell and their layouts- H&M
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