CHAPTER 2 REVIEW Geocentric:earth centered-aristotle- greeks Heliocentric-sun centered-copernicus Retrogade motion - Apparent backwards motion of planets Parallax-earth goes around the sun‚stars(background). Appears to shift. Cant be measured‚ so far away. Kepler’s Law (1&3)- Ist orbit are ellipses ‚ 3rd mass of the star‚ solar masses/ distance from the star. The idealized scientific methodBased on proposing and testing hypothensis Hypothesis -educated guess (Book and Paper demo) Hallmarks
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Structure of the Atom Dense nucleus composed of neutrons (0 charge) and protons (+ charge) and surrounded by orbital electrons (- charge). Neutrons and protons firmly held in the nucleus while electrons are very loosely held and are easy to remove. When electrons are removed from the atom‚ two charged particles (ions) are produced the positively charged atom and the negative electron. Energy is absorbed to remove the electron from the atom. Atomic Notation Chemical symbols such as C for
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disintegration from which it can never be put back together. However‚ matter can be reintegrated. b) In Greek‚ the prefix "a" means "not" and the word "tomos" means cut. Our word atom therefore comes from atomos‚ a Greek word meaning uncuttable. All matter is composed of atoms‚ which are bits of matter too small to be seen. These atoms CANNOT be further split into smaller portions. 2. At this point‚ the atomists entered into what their predecessors had postulated to be the origin of matter‚ namely
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portion is an anion or polyatomic ion. Ions in ionic compounds are held together by the electrostatic forcesbetween oppositely charged bodies. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points‚ and they are hard and very brittle. Ions can be single atoms‚ as the sodium and chlorine in common table salt sodium chloride‚ or more complex groups such as the carbonate in calcium carbonate. But to be considered an ion‚ they must carry a positive or negative charge. Thus‚ in an ionic bond‚ one ’bonder’ must
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Nervous System The nervous system is the part of an animal’s body that coordinates the voluntary and involuntary actions of the animal and transmits signals between different parts of its body. In most types of animals it consists of two main parts‚ the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves‚ which are long fibers that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The PNS includes motor
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to physics was his invention of radio activity and the work he did with protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons‚ where he concluded that an atom is mostly made up of empty space and the actual size of the atom is far smaller than the space it occupies. Before Rutherford had done his experiment‚ J.J Thompson had a theory that the negative charged electrons in an atom were floating around in positive charge. Thompson’s “plum pudding model” helped show his theory. Although‚ in 1911‚ Rutherford disproved
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** Atom and Introduction to Nuclear physics ** Introduction Alpha-particle scattering 2.1 Experimental set-up ➢ Alpha particle o is a high-energy helium nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. o has 2 positive charges. ➢ Gold foil was chosen since it has a high atomic mass. Thin gold foil‚ ~10-6m was bombarded by high-energy alpha particles. ➢ Angular deflections/ scattering of alpha particles were measured by observing
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electrons! The Octet Rule REMEMBER! All elements want to be like the noble gases. All elements want full electron shells. All elements want 8 valence electrons. The Octet Rule Atoms form chemical bonds so that they have an octet of valence electrons‚ either by gaining‚ losing‚ or sharing valence electrons. When atoms bond together‚ they each want a set of 8 valence electrons. NOMENCLATURE SUMMARY OF RULES!!!! IONIC/ UNIVALENT 1. Full name of metal first. 2. Name of non-metal second‚ BUT
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Describe the difference between a mixture and a compound. A compound is a substance in which atoms of different elements are chemically held to one another. A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs. A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components‚ a compound cannot. Below are some examples of the differences between each. Compounds •Compounds are pure substances. •They are made up of two or more
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for the procedure. The first step is to sort the 3 different types of candies (atoms) into 3 different isotopes. Secondly‚ we have to count all the atoms of each isotope and record the numbers
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