HISTORY AND PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN: HISTORY: Pakistan inherited an agricultural economy at the time of the Partition in 1947. The cultivated area particularly of the Punjab was regarded as the bread basket or granary of the Subcontinent. The development of agriculture was ignored in the initial years inspire of the fact that the agricultural sector was the largest single contributor to the GDP. It employed 80% of the population directly or indirectly‚ accounted for 73% of the foreign
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ground water levels. As per the latest assessment‚ the annual replenishable ground water resource of country has been estimated as 433 billion cubic meter (bcm)‚ out of which 399 bcm is considered to be available for development for various uses. The irrigation sector remains the major consumer of ground water‚ accounting for 92% of its annual withdrawal. The development of ground water in the country is highly uneven and shows considerable variations from place to place. Though the overall stage of ground
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obey a hierarchical structure. Lastly‚ in “Hydraulic Civilization‚” Karl Wittfogel proposes a voluntaristic theory where leaders coordinate projects for obtaining water and people have to give up their individual sovereignty so that the large-scale irrigation system can be carried out. I will argue in this essay that Robert Carneiro’s warfare theory is the most applicable and fits the most evidence of the archeological and historical records of early civilizations. Let us now turn to Robert Carneiro’s
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perform basic tasks such as watering soil in the absence of rain. The number of people - hours required to water soil manually on several thousand acres of land might result in businesses sending thousands of dollars in labor and utility costs. If the irrigation process is automated‚ sensors detect how much rain has fallen recently‚ as well as whether the soil is in need of watering. The sensors then send this data to a computer that processes in and decided when and how much to water. In addition to
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The damaging effects of salt accumulation in agricultural soils have influenced both ancient and modern day civilizations alike. Worldwide‚ an estimated 24.7 million acres of once agriculturally productive land are being lost annually due to irrigation-induced salinity‚ according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Thus‚ crop production is limited by salinity on 40% of the worlds irrigated land and on 25% of the irrigated land in the United States. These statistics indicate that the progressive
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giardiasis‚ ascariasis‚ and hookworm. Also‚ ways of conserving water such as collecting rain water and using it in watering the garden and washing the car were neglected. These could have lower the demands of water supplies used in cleaning and irrigation purposes. Problem: How can we make people aware of water pollution and find a way to prevent it as well as promote water conservation especially in areas where
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influence. It includes liquid waste discharged from domestic houses‚ industrial‚ agricultural or commercial processes. Driven by rapid urbanisation and growing wastewater volumes‚ wastewater is widely used as a low-cost alternative to conventional irrigation water. It supports livelihoods and generates considerable value in urban and peri-urban agriculture despite the health and environmental risks associated with this practice. It is estimated that up to one-tenth of the world’s population eats
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of reduced levels‚ types of levelling‚ contouring. Irrigation‚ classification of projects‚ flow irrigation and lift irrigation. Water source‚ Water lifting devices – pumps (shallow and deep well)‚ capacity‚ power calculations. Irrigation water measurement – weirs‚ flumes and orifices and methods of water measurement and instruments. Water conveyance systems‚ open channel and underground pipeline. Irrigation methods – drip and sprinkle irrigation systems. Soil and water conservation – soil erosion
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1 1)What cultural achievements characterized life in the Neolithic period? Cultural achievements that characterized life in the Neolithic period are the domestication of plants and animals‚ the rise of food production‚ having time apart from food production to socialize and create art‚ having different labors other than those related to food (priests‚ shopkeepers‚ artisans‚ etc.)‚ and lastly the creation of civilizations. 2) How did Mesopotamian civilization emerge‚ and what technologies promoted
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A. The Neolithic Revolution began around 9000 B.C.E. One of the first important developments of the period was the domestication of animals such as cattle‚ sheep‚ and pigs for food and labor. The arrival of agriculture also marked the beginning of this period. The transition into sedentary agriculture allowed more complex societies to form‚ eventually leading to the first civilizations. This period ended around 1000 B.C.E when these societies had reached a higher level of development. Agriculture
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