2.3 The Theories of development There are many theories of child development and each one has influenced practice in schools. Skinner’s theory of ‘Operant Conditioning’ suggests that behaviour which is reinforced tends to be repeated. In schools we reinforce good behaviour by rewarding it (house points‚ merits‚ Headteacher awards etc) and we “punish” poor behaviour to discourage it (warnings‚ sitting out‚ missing Golden Time etc). Piaget’s theory of ‘Cognitive Development’ has helped shape the
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http://www.teflcertificatecourses.com/tefl-articles/tefl-methodology.php Nativist Language Development Language development‚ according to the nativist theory‚ is driven by an innate learning device. The development in language is a rapid learning process that begins at birth. Children learn quickly how to communicate their wants and needs first through cries and coos‚ then to more complex sounds. By age 5‚ a child’s vocabulary has increased tremendously and communication is performed with ease
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The concept of human capital and knowledge management is that people possess skills‚ experience and knowledge‚ and therefore have economic value to organizations. These skills‚ knowledge and experience represent capital because they enhance productivity (Snell and Dean‚ 1992). Human capital theory postulates that some labor is more productive than other labor simply because more resources have been invested into the training of that labor‚ in the same manner that a machine that has had more resources
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Cognitive development is the development of thought processes‚ including remembering‚ problem solving‚ and decision-making‚ from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Historically‚ the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests. An example of this is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient test. IQ scoring is based on the concept of "mental age‚" according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence match
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Paper 2 The theories of cognitive development are fascinating topics because of the intimate connection between the ideologies and one’s intellectual advancement into adulthood. Every individual has unique experiences relating to cognitive development due to real-life situations‚ who they interact with‚ and their type of childhood environment. I can vividly remember some of my childhood friends that I interacted with and how those experiences had an influence on my cognitive development. There was
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Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development is based on the development of what is termed the Ego Identity’. According to Erikson our ego identities are ever changing‚ partly due to the interactions in our daily lives‚ but mostly how those interactions are perceived by us as we mature and age. Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial behavior can be easily understood using the table below. Each stage has a goal of competence and plays a role in the development of social and psychological skills.
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AGES STAGE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SIGMUND FRUED ERIK ERICKSON JEAN PIAGET LAWRENCE KHOLBERG 0-30 Days NEONATE (0-30 DAYS) ORAL SATGE TRUST VS. MISTRUST SENSORIMOTOR PRE-CONVENTIONAL OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT ORIENTATION SELF-INTEREST ORIENTATION 0-12 months INFANCY (0-12 MONTHS) ANAL STAGE 1-3 years TODDLER (1-3 YEARS) AUTONOMY VS. SHAME & DOUDT 4-5 years EARLY CHILDHOOD (4-5 YEARS) PHALIC STAGE INITIATIVE VS. GUILT PRE-OPERATIONAL CONVENTIONAL MORALITY INTERPERSONAL ACCORD AND CONFORMITY
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[pic] [pic]Theories of Child Development and Learning [pic] Several theories of child development and learning have influenced discussions of school readiness. Three have had profound impact on kindergarten readiness practices. These three theories include the maturationist‚ environmentalist‚ and constructivist perspectives of development (Powell‚ 1991). Maturationist Theory The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological
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development‚ families also evolve and move through different stages of development. Family systems are an organized whole‚ therefore individuals within the family are interdependent. Overall family tasks are identified that need to be accomplished for each stage of family development in order to avoid disequilibrium and conflict. In the theory of family development Duvall and Miller (1985) applied the principles of individual development to the family as a unit (Stanhope & Lancaster‚ 2014‚ p. 312)
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Paper 1: Human Rights Theory In this paper‚ I will make a number of arguments against the human right to social and economic welfare. In particular‚ I will examine Henry Shue ’s defense of subsistence and illustrate why I find his reasoning ineffective. The first point I will make in this paper is that socio-economic welfare rights cannot be human rights because they are not universal. Thereafter‚ I will argue against two thoughts proposed by Henry Shue in Basic Rights: Subsistence‚ Affluence
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