pragmatics perspective‚ taking into account a range of techniques associated with each of the two concepts including: Semantics Aspects: Synonymy‚ antonymy‚ hyponymy‚ prototypes‚ homophones and homonyms‚ polysemy and ambiguity. Pragmatics Aspects: Deixis and Distance‚ reference and inference‚ conversational implicature‚ anaphoric and cataphoric reference‚ presupposition‚ entailment‚ direct and indirect speech acts and speech events‚ cultural context and cross cultural pragmatics‚ conversational analysis
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Linguistic discourse analysis 1.1Defining discourse Discourse is the creation and organization of the segments of a language above as well as below the sentence. It is segments of language which may be bigger or smaller than a single sentence but the adduced meaning is always beyond the sentence. The term discourse applies to both spoken and written language‚ in fact to any sample of language used for any purpose. Any series of speech events or any combination of sentences in written form wherein
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TUPACS’ SONG “CHANGES” Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) was a West Coast rapper. Rap and hip hop music was the music of the poor black. The theme within Tupacs’ music relates to tough Ghetto life experienced by the black community of America dominated by drugs murder and poverty . There was a strong hatred between West and East Coast rappers which resulted in numerous killings. Tupac was himself killed in 1996 by a shotgun wound. The song “Changes” recorded by Tupac in 1992 is about the
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IFL A4.2 (2011-2012) Chapter 1: What is Language? - - .b lo gs po t.c om - Language can be viewed as a social fact‚ as a psychological state (mental dictionary)‚ as a set of structures (a grammatical system: a system to what orders the words have to come in if they are to make sense)‚ or as a collection of outputs (utterances/sentences: spoken or written). Language can be viewed as a set of choices (different ways of saying a sentence)‚ a set of contrasts (an inversion
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Decoding Stylistics Stylistics of the author and of the reader. The notions of encoding and decoding Decoding stylistics is the most recent trend in stylistic research that employs theoretical findings in such areas of science as information theory‚ psychology‚ statistical studies in combination with linguistics‚ literary theory‚ history of art‚ literary criticism‚ etc. Decoding stylistics makes an attempt to regard the esthetic value of a text based on the interaction
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O.N. Grishina Text Analysis Guide for 5th Year Students Moscow 2000 Text Analysis Guide (for 5th Year Students) © 2000 by O.N. Grishina. All rights reserved. Preface Until quite recently linguists treated language as a fixed code - a more or less rigid system of interrelated elements. These elements were traditionally classified as phonological (the level of sounds)‚ morphological (the level of word parts)‚ lexical (the level of words) and syntactic
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Lecture III The traditional grammatical classes of words are called "parts of speech". Since the word is distinguished not only by grammatical‚ but also by semantico-lexemic properties‚ some scholars refer to parts of speech as "lexico-grammatical" series of words‚ or as "lexico-grammatical categories". It should be noted that the term "part of speech" is purely traditional and conventional. In modern linguistics‚ parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: "semantic"
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mostly in literary translation is the quandary of detection the differences in utterances‚ including figurative devices such as irony‚ satire‚ implicature‚ or word play. Speech acts by Austin (1962)‚ Searle (1969)‚ and Grice (1975) are considered a kind of pragmatic meaning to clarify the ambiguity of meaning of a sentence within its context. Speech act theory must reckon with the fact that the relationship between the words being used and the force of their utterance is often oblique (Back‚ 18)
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T s eliot as a modrn poet He is perhaps the most influential poet of the last century. The innovations that Elliot brought to poetry caused a dramatic change to virtually every art form. This includes novels‚ films‚ and poetry. T.S. Eliot worked for his entire adult life at a publishing house. He wrote his poems in his spare time. He also wrote plays and literary criticism. In fact‚ for a figure that is one of the giants of 20th century poetry‚ he did not write very much. His entire poetic
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This page intentionally left blank The Study of Language Designed for beginners‚ this best-selling textbook provides a lively introduction to the study of language. Starting from the basics‚ it provides a solid foundation in all of the essential topics‚ and introduces the analysis of the key elements of language – sounds‚ words‚ structures and meanings. A wide range of fascinating questions are explored‚ such as how conversation works‚ how children learn language‚ why women and men speak differently
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