An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. These radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell‚ it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates‚ and inhibit the oxidation reactions‚ hence prevent the damage caused by oxidation to cells. Therefore‚ if we have insufficient
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References: Liang‚ F.‚ Xu‚ B.G.‚ Shi‚ X.H.‚ Ming‚ S.R.‚ “Advances in desulfurization with wet oxidation process”‚ Modern Chem. Ind.‚ 23 (5)‚ 21-24 (2003) McManus‚ D.‚ Martell‚ A.E.‚ “The evolution‚ chemistry and applications of chelated iron hydrogen sulfide removal and oxidation processes”‚ J. Mol. Cat. A.‚ 117 (1)‚ 289-297 (1997). their iron complexes”‚ Inorg. Chim. Acta.‚ 278 (2)‚ 170-177 (1998). S8 by molecular oxygen”‚ Inorg. Chim
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green tea reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases. However‚ the results are inconsistent and the mechanisms remain unclear. In this review article‚ the potential mechanisms will be showed from five aspects: lowering cholesterol level‚ inhibiting oxidation of LDL‚ improving vascular endothelial function‚ decreasing blood pressure and having anti-atherosclerotic effect. In the discussion part‚ the adverse effects of high consumption of green tea will be showed. To sum up‚ there is no conclusive evidences
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For instance‚ some studies found that older applicants‚ ethnic minorities‚ and women were less likely to use e-recruiting than Anglo-Americans (e.g.‚ Kuhn & Skuterud‚ 2000; McManus & Ferguson‚ 2003)‚ thus limiting the degree to which organizations meet their diversity goals (see Stone et al.‚ 2003; Stone‚ Lukaszewski‚ Stone-Romero‚ & Johnson‚ 2013 for a more thorough discussion). One reason for this
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types of valencies namely‚ primary and secondary valencies. Primary valencies are satisfied by negative ions while secondary valencies are satisfied by both negative and neutral ions. (In modern terminology‚ the primary valency corresponds to the oxidation number of the metal ion‚ whereas the secondary valency refers to the coordination number of the metal ion. (ii) A metal ion has a definite number of secondary valencies around the central atom. Also‚ these valencies project in a specific direction
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number of ways. The process depends upon the rocks’ mineralogical composition‚ and the nature of chemical environment surrounding them. Some of the main processes of chemical weathering are: 1. solution‚ 2. hydration and hydrolysis‚ 3. oxidation and reduction‚ 4. carbonation‚ 5. base exchange‚ and 6. formation of colloids. 1. SOLUTION Some rocks contain one or more minerals that are soluble in water to some extent. Rock salt (NaCl)‚ gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) and calcite (CaCO3) As it
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a positive charge. Oxidation number: number of electrons an atom gains‚ loses‚ or shares when it forms a chemical bond. -remember this pattern: +1‚ +2‚ +3‚ +/-4‚ -3‚ -2‚ -1‚ 0 -example: -sodium (Na): -valence electrons = 1 -oxidation number = +1 -resulting ion = Na+1 Rule of oxidation numbers: the sum of all the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a molecule must equal zero‚ indications that the molecule is neutral. SHORTCUT: flip the oxidation numbers to get the final
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half reactions‚ oxidation and reduction respectively. To measure the tendency for a readox reaction to occur‚ special apparatus called voltaic cell can be used. It is made by connecting a voltmeter between two electrodes‚ which are immersed in to the two different solutions separated by porous barrier. This barrier allows flow of ions‚ so that the voltage or potential can be measured. In a closer look of such reactions‚ it can be determined that the sum of the potentials of oxidation and reduction
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sampling head of the interlock. Studies by Roth (2007) show that missing a rolling retest not to be a significant predictor of recidivism. The studies conclude the significant indicator was the initial BAC when the individual attempted to start the vehicle. “All variables (gender‚ age‚ and BAC>0.16)‚ except test refusal (interpreted in the study as a missing a rolling retest) were significantly related to recidivism.” ( Roth page 348) Paul Marqus‚ Tippetts‚ and Voas
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Mitochondrion make use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3) Oxidation of acetyl coenzymes from step one and two into CO2 and NADH2. 4) Oxidation of NADH2 by oxygen forming water. 5) Synthesis of ATP coupled to NADH2 oxidation by process of oxidative phosphorylation.
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