ETHERS Classification of Ethers: Symmetrical ethers – two groups attached to O are identical Ex. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 – diethyl ether Unsymmetrical ethers – two groups attached to O are not identical Ex. CH3CH2OCH3 – ethyl methyl ether Physical Properties of Ethers: Ethers have much lower boiling points compared to alcohols of comparable MWs. BPs of ethers increases with increasing MW. BPs of isomeric ethers increase with increasing alkyl chain length. BPs of ethers are about the
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Acids And BAses Acids And BAses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Theories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases The pH scale Calculations involving acids and bases (AHL) Buffer solutions (AHL) Salt hydrolysis (AHL) Acid-base titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 8 8.1 THeORies OF Acids And BAses 8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. 8.1.2 Deduce whether or not a species could act as a Brønsted–Lowry
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Finding the Activation Energy of the reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulfate The equation for the reaction is: S2O32- (aq) + 2H+(aq) ⋄ SO2 (g) + S(s) + H2O (l) Equipment - 2 boiling tubes - 400 cm3 beakers - Marker pen - Stand and clamp - Timer - Bunsen burner‚ tripod and gauze - 0 – 100 oC thermometer - 2 x 10 cm3 measuring cylinders - Access to a fume cupboard. Method 1. Label two boiling tubes A and B. Mark a dark spot on the side of a 400cm3 beaker‚ then ½ fill
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investigate the rate of reaction. The reaction I will be using is: Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid ---- Calcium Chloride + water + carbon dioxide. CaCO3 + 2HCl ---- CaCl +H2O + CO2 Measurements and Variables: The variables I have chosen to change is strength of the hydrochloric acid which will be 1 mole‚ 0.7 mole‚ 0.5 mole‚ 0.3 mole and 0.1 mole some variable I will not be using are temperature‚ mass‚ density. The measurements I will be using are time (s) and volume in (cm3). Fair Test:
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Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Objective To purify benzoic acid by recrystallization and gain experience with a basic organic laboratory techniques. Background Products of chemical reactions are often contaminated with impurities. One method for purifying chemicals‚ recrystallization‚ takes advantage of the differences in the solubilities of the desired products and the impurities and the tendency for the slow formation of crystals to exclude impurities from the crystalline solid. HC HC
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Title:Extraction:Extraction with acid and alkaline Objective: 1. To recover benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene from its mixture using acid-alkaline extraction. 2. To determine the percentage recovery and melting point of benzoic acid and p-diclorobenzene. Apparatus:Separatory funnel(250mL)‚Buchner funnel‚beaker. Materials:Benzoic acid‚p-dichlorobenzene‚ether‚10% NaOH‚conc.HCl‚distilled water‚ anhydrous CaCl2. Introduction: Organic compounds in an aqueous mixture can be separated
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Lewis Acids and BasesLewis acids and bases play an important role in chemical reactions because‚ except oxidation-reduction reactions‚ almost every reaction could be categorized as an acid-base reaction. Bases in water solutions show certain specific characteristics: bitter taste‚ feel slippery‚ and turn litmus paper blue. Acids in water solutions show these most common characteristics: sour taste‚ react with metals‚ and turn litmus paper red. The understanding of chemical reactions‚ such as acid
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solution of an acidic and organic compound and purify its respective acidic product through the techniques of an acid base extraction‚ recrystallization‚ and use of Melt Temp (melting point range). The reaction of an unknown acid (3-chlorobenzoic acid) with diethyl and sodium hydroxide was observed‚ and the solution naturally separated into an aqueous and organic solution. The mixture of acid and organic solution was created and then separated through the Hirsch funnel into separate beakers of an aqueous
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EXTRACTION OF BENZOIC ACID‚ 2-NAPHTHOL‚ AND NAPHTHALENE FROM UNKNOWN SAMPLE # 131 Douglas G. Balmer (T.A. Mike Hall) Dr. Dailey Submitted 11 July 2007 Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to separate a sample of benzoic acid‚ 2- naphthol‚ and naphthalene of unknown proportions using a two-base extraction method. The three components of the mixture will react differently to sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide because each of the bases’ conjugate acids has a different pKa. The
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Acids and Bases Q1.This question is about several Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases. (a) Define the term Brønsted–Lowry acid. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (1) (b) Three equilibria are shown below. For each reaction‚ indicate whether the substance immediately above the box is acting
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