Pg. 25 Once drug goes into mucosal cells‚ the concentration gradient will decrease. Blood supply to mucosal cell keeps removing drug continuously so the drug conc is smaller & this (heavy vascularisation) maintains constant gradient so that the drugs are constantly removed into the blood stream pH in stomach about 2 Implication: weak acids absorbed readily‚ weak bases not absorbed as readily Implication: some of the drugs may not be able to suvive that acidic environment. & they may disintegrate
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Hepatitis B Vaccine Medical Assistant Gladys Maria Shafer February 19‚ 2013 Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver‚ which is swelling that occurs when the tissues of the body become injured or infected. “Hepa” means liver and “itis” refers to inflammation. The Hepatitis B virus spreads through blood or direct contact with any body fluids from someone who already has a Hepatitis B infection and the virus enters the body unnoticed
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BILIRUBIN FORMATION AND EXCRETION Bilirubin‚ the principal pigment in bile‚ is derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin when aged red blood cells are phagocytized by the reticuloendothelial system‚ primarily in the spleen‚ liver and bone marrow. About 80% of bilirubin formed daily comes from the degradation of hemoglobin. The remainder comes from destruction of heme-containing proteins and catabolism of heme. When hemoglobin is destroyed‚ the protein portion‚ globin is reused in the body. The
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out through cells. Birds convert ammonia into uric acid. They do this as they cannot carry as much water as humans or fish‚ so they convert it into solid uric acid mixed with a little water. Mammals convert ammonia into urea. Urea is formed in the liver by the ornithine cycle; it’s less soluble than ammonia and less toxic. This means that less water is required for excretion. Urea is soluble in blood plasma and is transported to
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Liver is one of the most important organs in human body‚ it helps in fighting infections‚ metabolizing drugs by producing enzymes‚ and synthesizing proteins like‚ albumin. Liver failure happens When the liver cannot adequately functions and it is life threatening condition if it’s not managed immediately‚ it might cause some complications‚ like cirrhosis‚ hepatitis and multi-organ damage.(1)Liver transplant might be a lifesaving solution with liver failure‚ unfortunately liver transplant have its
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is plasma. After blood is collected from a patient it is divided into a number of fragments. By dividing blood into proteins like albumin‚ white blood cells and red blood cells clinics are assisted in curing patients. An example is a patient with liver failure being provided with blood plasma that contains the clotting factor. Whilst plasma has an anti-coagulant that prevents clotting‚ serum does not contain the plasma proteins which play a part in clotting such a fibrinogen which is converted to
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Hepatitis A”) The liver is a vital organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It has a wide range of functions‚ including detoxification‚ protein synthesis‚ produce hormones and enzymes‚ break down all the bad waste in your body‚ and does the production of biochemical necessary for digestion. It also plays a major role during metabolism. But‚ Hepatitis A is an inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver. (“Hepatitis A”) This is very bad because the liver does so many things
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alcohol-induced cellular injury in almost all organs and tissues of the organism (1)‚ especially liver by causing the development of alcoholic liver disease (1‚2). Additionally‚ it is well-established that excessive alcohol consumption has harmful effects on the kidney (3‚4)‚ with acute kidney injury (AKI) being one of the most common pathological complications (5). Furthermore‚ there is a tight link between alcoholic liver disease and AKI. For instance‚ Altamirano et al. (6) demonstrated that AKI is a frequent
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CIRRHOSIS Cirrhosis of the liver refers to the scarring of liver due to poor liver function and development of various liver diseases caused by conditions such as alcohol abuse‚ buildup of fats in the liver‚ and hepatitis. In most of the cases‚ liver is able to regenerate the new liver cells when they are damaged. However‚ if the damage has occurred for a longer period of time and becomes severe‚ regeneration of the cells would be incomplete. This‚ in turn‚ leads to the formation of the scar tissues
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the Digestive System . Digestive Tract (Alimentary Tract) 1. Oral cavity (mouth)5. Small intestine 2. Pharynx6. Large intestine 3. Esophagus7. Rectum 4. Stomach8. Anus (anal canal) . Accessory digestive organs 1. Salivary glands 2. Liver and gall bladder 3. Pancreas Layers or Tunics of the Digestive Tract 1. Mucosa • the innermost tunic consists of mucous epithelium‚ a loose connective tissue called the lamina propria‚ and a thin smooth muscle layer‚ the muscularis mucosae
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