Theory X and Theory Y In his 1960 book‚ The Human Side of Enterprise‚ Douglas McGregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories Theory X and Theory Y. Both of these theories begin with the premise that management’s role is to assemble the factors of production‚ including people‚ for the economic benefit of the firm. Beyond this point‚ the two theories of management diverge. Theory X Theory X assumes that the average
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be achieved through either the Modernization Theory‚ a view from the Global North‚ or the Dependency Theory‚ a view from the Global South. These two approaches are diverse from each other; however there are notable similarities between them too. Both the theories lack in certain places thus fail to escape criticism‚ however the Dependency Theory looks at development in a broader aspect. To begin with‚ one of the main similarities between the theories is that they both give much attention to the
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Theory Z is a management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making. It was first described by William Ouchi in his book Theory Z- How Man American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge. Theory Z incorporates many elements associated with the Japanese approach to management‚ such as trust and intimacy‚ but Japanese ideas have been adapted for use in the United States. In Theory Z organizations‚ managers and workers share responsibilities; the management
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a group of individuals to achieve a common goal” (Northouse‚ 2012). The learner had to identify and compare four theories of leadership. The theories selected to analyze by the learner are contingency‚ behavioral‚ transformation‚ and transactional. For a better understanding of how these theories will fit into her desired line of work‚ these theories must first be defined. According to Northouse (2012)‚ “Contingency Theory is a leader-matched theory that tries to match leaders to appropriate
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Theories of Motivation 1. Instinct Theory The assumption of the theory is that there is an innate biological force causing an organism to act in a certain way. These “forces” are perceived to be automatic‚ involuntary‚ and unlearned behavior patterns or reflexive behaviors that are elicited when certain stimuli are present. 2. Homeostatic Theories The assumptions of the homeostatic theory are that organisms attempt to maintain homeostasis‚ the balance of physiological state or equilibrium
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Research Methodology Procedures used in making systematic observations or otherwise obtaining data‚ evidence‚ or information as part of a research project or study (Note: Do not confuse with "Research Design‚" which refers to the planning and organization of such procedures). Types of Research Methodology: Primary Research:- Primary research consists of the collection of original primary data. It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by reviewing secondary
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organizational goals. According to Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich‚ “Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically so towards the achievement of group goals.” Leadership as a concept has been widely and extensively discussed by various experts‚ professors and authors. All these researches and discussions have given rise to various Leadership Theories. A review of the leadership literature reveal has given rise to various theories like “The
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One of the biggest breakthroughs in how we understand and guide change in organizations is systems theory and systems thinking. There are two main definitions of a system‚ an implicit and an explicit phrase‚ with the explicit phrase being used in system thinking by organizations. The definition refers to a system as being a collection of highly integrated parts or subsystems that attain a specific goal‚ through inputs that are processed into precise outputs. And thus if a part of this highly-linked
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Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation‚ to lead a company‚ or to make decisions. Instead‚ the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. A contingent leader effectively applies their own style of leadership to the right situation. In contingency theory of leadership‚ the success of the leader is a function of various contingencies in the form of subordinate‚ task‚ and/or
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when crude management and organizational theories were first developed and conceived. In this document I will compare the use of privatization‚ e-corporation‚ and militarization of criminal justice organizations with current organizational structures‚ historical and traditional organizational behavior theories‚ and explain how theories of motivation affect criminal justice organizations. What is an organization and its purpose? The purpose of an organization is to combine its resources‚ and maximize
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