Wars have been occurring since the dawn of time. Wars are states of armed conflict between societies that bring death‚ destruction‚ merciless slaughter and butchery‚ and starvation‚ poverty‚ ruin and disease in its wake. Apart from casualties during wars‚ a significant cause of death during most wars is disease. A clear example of this is the Mexican War of Independence. It was much more difficult to prevent deaths from tuberculosis during this war because of lack of knowledge of the disease‚ a
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the genome of the human cell. The human cell uses all 9 genes as it would its own‚ now producing all the proteins and RNA needed to make more virus particles 2. a. T cell is a type of lymphocyte or white blood cell involved in the functions of the immune system. B. killer T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize human cells that have already been infected by virus their job is to kill infected cells Helper T cells are organizing centers of the immune system they tell the other Tcells and
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visualization of these mechanism and their processes. Killer T-cells combine with antigens on the surface of any invading cell and release a powerful group of chemicals called lymphokines. Some lymphokines kill the pathogens directly‚ others stimulate lymphocytes to become active and help increase the inflammation so that there are more macrophages. Helper T-cells co-operate with B-cells in the antibody production. They also activate macrophages and promote inflammation. Memory cells remain even after the
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XI. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Medical Diagnosis T/C Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/ Pleural Effusion‚ T/C Liver Pathology Definition Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever - is a severe‚ potentially deadly infection spread by certain species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Pleural Effusion - is excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity‚ the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. Liver
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Chapter 14 - Mechanisms of Infectious Disease A nurse who works in a skilled nursing facility is caring for an 85-year-old woman who has had a fever of 102°F for 2 days. The nurse noted increased agitation‚ restlessness‚ and a decreased appetite. The patient has a Foley catheter in place. The physician ordered a urine analysis and the results are below. A diagnosis of a kidney infection was given Color: dark amber in color Appearance: cloudy
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Cardiovascular System (Simplified) The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels. The heart pumps blood‚ and the blood vessels channel and deliver it throughout the body. Arteries carry blood filled with nutrients away from the heart to all parts of the body. The blood is sometimes compared to a river‚ but the arteries are more like a river in reverse. Arteries are thick-walled tubes with a circular covering of yellow‚ elastic fibers‚ which contain a filling of muscle that absorbs
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FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD * Red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) * White blood cells ( leukocytes ) * granular leukocytes * neutrophils * eosinophils * basophils * agranular leukocytes * lymphocytes = T cells‚ B cells‚ and natural killer cells * monocytes * Platelets (special cell fragments) Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) * Function: carry oxygen * Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes * Biconcave disks *
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The hepatitis C virus attacks liver cells and uses them as a host to reproduce itself. When the body attempts to fight the virus‚ it send lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) to the liver‚ which results in inflammation (swelling). This inflammation is a normal response to infection‚ but over time this process‚ and certain chemicals released by the lymphocytes‚ can damage liver cells. When the liver cells are damaged‚ they cannot function well and may die. Some of these cells may grow back‚ but
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a process in the body’s immune system‚ that normally protects the body from bacteria and viruses. The immune system destroys the bacteria with substances called antibodies which are produced by blood cells called lymphocytes. Some people inherit a poor immune system‚ as their lymphocytes make antibodies against their own tissues that stimulate or damage them. “In Graves’ disease‚ antibodies
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nervous system and the immune system are directly linked via sympathetic nervous system fibers‚ which influence the production of lymphocytes” (507). Plainly‚ the immune system is affected by the central nervous system which directly deals with stress. The central nervous system (CNS) deals with stress directly because the brain is located within the CNS. Lymphocytes are the white blood cells in the body that fight pathogens and anything that may harm the individual. If the regulation of white
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