informed its subsequent work‚ and which underlies the social partners’ understanding of the process. It argued that there are three requirements for a consistent policy framework in a small‚ open‚ European democracy: (I) Macroeconomic: the economy must have a macroeconomic policy approach which guarantees low inflation and steady growth of aggregate demand; (ii) Distributional: there must be an evolution of incomes which ensures competitiveness‚ which handles distributional issues without
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economy in the twentieth century. They are beyond any doubt among most powerful intellectuals that set their feet over the ground. Ideas they created‚ patterns they discovered and laws they introduced have become fundamental in political economy and macroeconomics. Still‚ these two brilliant minds did not share each others’ views over some basic economics matters‚ such as the intensity of governmental regulations‚ price policy‚ fiscal and monetary politics. Quite logically‚ a question arises: who was actually
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What is the importance of consumption expenditure in determining changes in the level of national income? In every macroeconomic question‚ there always exists its direction towards satisfying the macroeconomic objectives such as achieving long term economic growth and low unemployment levels (Hall and Lieberman‚ 2009). As consumption expenditure is the total spending by consumers on domestic goods and services‚ and national income is the value of all the goods and services provided in an economy
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set of information needed‚ to make their economics decisions. Based not on imperfect information‚ but on shocks to technology and supply conditions (Case‚ p. 553). The New Classical macroeconomic has industrial from two different but related sources: the theoretical and the practical critiques of traditional macroeconomics. On the theoretical level; there has been growing dissatisfaction with the way traditional models treat expectations. Prices and wages do no change fast enough for classical self
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The Functions of The People’s Bank of China The People’s Bank of China (PBC) is the central bank of China. With the improvement of the socialist market economic system‚ the PBC‚ as a central bank‚ plays an important role in China’s macroeconomic management. The head office of the PBC is located in Beijing‚ the capital of China‚ and consists of 18 functional departments (bureaus). Under the guidance of the State Council‚ the PBC formulates and implements monetary policy‚ prevents and resolves financial
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is Zimbabwe has been caused by quite a number of factors. Most of these are mainly because of political reasons. The following are some of the factors that are causing unemployment: Sluggish investment and growth Weak export performance Poor macroeconomic policy environment The investment/business climate is unfriendly Population growth rate/age structure The growth path - reliance on primary products - is suboptimal Geography (proximity to South Africa‚ no direct access to the sea) Tertiary
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ongoing economic reforms in Myanmar? First and foremost in a transition process‚ Myanmar must have macroeconomic stabilization‚ price and market liberalization and privatization of state enterprises. Policy target must be set to control inflation and to set prices‚ interest rate and exchange rate in a correct alignment with the supply and demand conditions of the economy. Following successful macroeconomic management‚ policy makers must be able to mobilize domestic resources and to attract foreign direct
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Definition of ’Macroeconomics’ The term Macro has been taken from the Latin word Macros which means big. The field of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Macroeconomics examines economy-wide phenomena such as changes in unemployment‚ national income‚ rate of growth‚ gross domestic product‚ inflation and price levels. Macroeconomics Concerns Production Prices Income Employment National Production/Output Total Industrial Output Gross Domestic Product Growth of Output
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Keynes and Hayek John Maynard Keynes was an economist whose ideas have greatly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics‚ and informed the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly advanced earlier work on the causes of business cycles‚ and is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics‚ as well as its various
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DERIVATION OF A SIMPLE INCOME MULTIPLIER Let’s start with a very simple closed economy‚ where GDP or Y = C + I + G only and there are no exports (X) or imports (M). (1) Substituting the Consumption Function for C: Y = (co + c1 YD) + I + G = (co + c1 {Y - T}) + I + G = co + c1Y – c1T + I + G (2) Collecting terms in Y on the left hand side‚ and factoring out Y: Y – c1Y = Y (1 – c1) = co - c1T + I + G (3) Placing (1 – c1) back on the right hand side‚ we have derived an expression for equilibrium
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