coke over the rust and it will loosen it so it is easier to remove. What is acid? Acid is a mixture of pH‚ other acids‚ hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. The more hydrogen ions in the acid more powerful the acid will be. Acid is in everyday things from eating and drinking to sleeping. Acid is in coffee‚ toothpaste‚ oranges‚ fruit‚
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Experiment C. Aim: To protect one of two carbonyl groups (C1) in order to allow the other to react twice with a Grignard followed by removal of the protecting group by acid hydrolysis to give final product (C2). Method: Ethyl acetoacetate (30.03g)‚ ethylene glycol (15.01g) and toluene-p-sulphonic acid (0.13g) were added to a 250 cm3 round bottomed flask‚ containing a stirrer bar and toluene (100 cm3)‚ fitted with a condenser and dean-stark head. Solution was heated strongly under reflux using
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Redox reactions (Redox terminology‚ galvanic cells‚ standard electrode potentials‚ strength of oxidizing/reducing agents‚ corrosion and protection against it) Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons and reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. Oxidizing agents‚ such as oxygen are defined as substances which accept electrons; reducing agents are substances which donate electrons. Redox reactions are: a) The reactions of metals with non-metals 2Na+Cl2→2Na+Cl- b) The reactions
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composition by mass of magnesium oxide – Report Objective: To measure and calculate the ratio of magnesium to oxygen in magnesium oxide. To compare the lab ratio to the percent composition calculation based on the formula. Hypothesis: Based on the law of definite proportions‚ the percentage composition of magnesium oxide should be around 60% magnesium and 40% oxygen. Materials: * Goggles * Centigram or analytical balance * 2-4 cm magnesium ribbon * Steel
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lab‚ caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process that involved the synthesis of three intermediates – diethyl n-butylmalonate‚ potassium n-butylmalonate‚ and n-butyl malonic acid respectively. An IR was used to characterize the starting material‚ n-bromobutane‚ and the first intermediate‚ diethyl n-butylmalonate; while IR and NMR were used to characterize the final product‚ caproic acid. Reactions‚ Mechanism and Theory Caproic acid a.k.a n-hexanoic acid is a carboxylic acid derived from
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A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electromagnetic force attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole-dipole interactions‚ the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding
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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium Ammonia (NH3) is an important industrial chemical that is used in the manufacture of fertilisers. It is manufactured by reacting hydrogen with nitrogen. The reaction is said to be reversible and the conversion of reactants to products is never complete. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 A reversible reaction is a reaction which can take place in either direction When the concentrations of the reactants and product have become constant‚ a
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Experimental Determination of the Formula of Magnesium Oxide. Introduction: Magnesium is a mental‚ it is known to react with oxygen. Magnesium reacts vigorously when heated in the presence of air‚ which is why we have chosen high heat in our method to facilitate combustion. This oxidation reaction produces magnesium oxide gaining oxygen from the air. When sharing of electrons occur a chemical bond is made and the atoms combine to form a molecule. So‚ the predicted molecular formula:
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more mL of hydrogen peroxide‚ the reaction occurred again. Again‚ small bubbles formed; intensity of (1). The solution did not change in temperature. The reaction lasted about 15 minutes. 3. After adding more manganese dioxide‚ the reaction occurred again. This time‚ the bubbles being formed were larger; intensity of (4). The solution got a little warmer‚ but the difference in temperature was hardly distinguishable by simply touching the test tube. The reaction lasted about 10 minutes. 4. a) The
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Physical and Chemical Properties Purpose: The Physical and Chemical Properties lab provides the opportunity to investigate the physical and chemical properties of pure chemical substances and analyze the experiment results. Procedure: In the beginning of the experiment‚ I filled two 24-well plates half way with the given chemicals and sucked up these chemicals into their labeled pipets for later use. Following this‚ I performed a number of steps on each of the four test tubes and recorded observations
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