the eassy I will discuss the meaning and importance of equity in taxation since Adam Smith included it as one of the Canons of taxation. Equity is defined as “redistributive taxation induces allocative distortions by driving a wedge between the price the consumer pays and the price the producer receives” (Begg et al. 2005‚ p.219). There are two types of equity to be considered: the horizontal equity‚ and vertical equity. “The horizontal equity requires that people in similar situations should be
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J. Zerbe and Douglas C. Pitt(Summer 2001) Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory‚ Journal of Managerial Issues ‚ Vol. 13‚ No. 2‚ pp. 212-226 | Aim / Purpose of article | In this article‚ we discuss the application of a motivational model that provides a practical tool for individuals wishing to assume leadership roles. This model‚ namely expectancy theory (Vroom‚ 1964; Porter and Lawler‚ 1968)‚ suggests that individuals‚ acting through self-interest‚ adopt courses
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Adam Smith When Adam Smith wrote his famous 1776 treatise‚ he called it An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Some have taken this as indicating that he was concerned primarily with economic growth. In this way‚ Smith moved away from the Cantillon-Physiocratic system which concentrated on "natural equilibrium" of circular flows‚ and brought back into economics what had been the Mercantilists’ pet concern. Smith posited a supply-side driven model of growth. Succinctly we
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Expectancy Violation Theory (Paper Rough Draft) Expectancy Violation Theory‚ or more commonly referred to as EVT‚ is the study of attempting to explain one’s reactions to unexpected behavior of their peers‚ and the various meanings that people attribute to the violation‚ or infringement‚ of their personal space. Judee Burgoon defines personal space as the invisible‚ variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual’s preferred distance from others. I will explain
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ob 1. How can equity theory explain the motivation of employees working at Xandria? In case study‚ Xandria Pharmaceuticals is a Chinese researcher and manufacturer of pharmaceutical products in HK. Their goal is to produce the highest quality products with the minimum negative impact on the environment‚ which is an inspiration to their 150 employees. While some mission statements are meaningless general statements‚ Xandria’s “green” philosophy guides all decisions. In following‚ this
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Managing Emotional Employees Managers often feel that the employee emotional issues are their personal and they should be able to handle it themselves. This is the reason why most of them don’t interfere in the internal affairs of the employees who are under distress. But as a result of this emotional distress‚ the employees are able to focus less on their work and hence their productivity also decreases. The managers can act pro-actively in this case and help the employees deal with the emotional
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Chapter 16 | Hiring and Managing Employees #1) It was announced in January 2003 that the current managing director of the Indian subsidiary of Tel-Comm-Tek (TCT) would resign within a month. TCT immediately began searching for a replacement based upon the following preferences: desire to promote from within‚ selection from a mix of nationals‚ and an emphasis on international experience. A selection committee was chosen to nominate the new managing director for TCT India and the following six
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Teenage Pregnancy Problem Statement Teenagers in Antigua 12-16 are becoming pregnant‚ which result to delay or incomplete high school education. Literature review Teenage pregnancy in Antigua has reached an alarming rate. With high increase of teen pregnancy comes along the increase of low birth rate‚ delay or even incomplete high school education‚ according to the as (1999) “Teens who become pregnant are less likely to graduate‚ less likely to get a job and less likely to go to college.”
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STUDY: THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL REWARDS ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION Rewarding and motivating employees are concepts which are videly studied in organizational settings. The impact of total rewards including financial and non-financial rewards have on employee motivation was chosen to be studied in this research because both of the concepts are important; for the employees and for the employers. The aim of this thesis is to find out what are the reward practices in use in the chosen
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P5 All companies including the NHS will use some or all of these to manage the performance of its employees. Managing performance A business can only find out how hard employees are working if they measure their performance. Managing performance involves monitoring the targets and goals that employees have been given to see how they are progressing‚ this can be done in a number of ways. Probation When an employee starts a new job they are often put on probation for a certain time where their
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