1a) Perfect competition describes a market structure whose assumptions are extremely strong and highly unlikely to exist in most real-time and real-world markets. In perfect competition‚ there are a large number of firms in the industry. The firms in this industry are price takers as they sell at whatever price is set by demand and supply in the industry as a whole. All the firms produce homogeneous products which are exactly identical; it is impossible to distinguish between a good produced in one
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3 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Learning Objectives 1. Explain the features of cost-volumeprofit (CVP) analysis 2. Determine the breakeven point and output level needed to achieve a target operating income 3. Understand how income taxes affect CVP analysis 4. Explain how managers use CVP analysis in decision making 5. Explain how sensitivity analysis helps managers cope with uncertainty 6. Use CVP analysis to plan variable and fixed costs 7. Apply CVP analysis to a company producing multiple
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Analysis of Costs Costs affect input choices‚ investment decisions‚ and even the decision of whether to stay in business. A. Economics analysis of costs 1. Total cost: fixed and variable (1) Total cost represents the lowest total dollar expense needed to produce each level of output q. TC rises as q rises. (2) Fixed cost represents the total dollar expense that is paid out even when no output is produced. FC is unaffected by any variation in the quantity of output. (3) Variable cost represents
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or seller will a. have a negligible impact on the market price. b. have little effect on market equilibrium quantity but will affect market equilibrium price. c. affect marginal revenue and average revenue but not price. d. adversely affect the profitability of more than one firm in the market. Table 14-1 Quantity Total Revenue 0 $0 1 $7 2 $14 3 $21 4 $28 2. Refer to Table 14-1. For a firm operating in a competitive market‚ the price is a. $0. b. $7. c. $14. d. $21. 3. Suppose that a firm
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Cost/Benefit Analysis Evaluating Quantitatively Whether to Follow a Course of Action You may have been intensely creative in generating solutions to a problem‚ and rigorous in your selection of the best one available. However‚ this solution may still not be worth implementing‚ as you may invest a lot of time and money in solving a problem that is not worthy of this effort. Cost Benefit Analysis or CBA is a relatively* simple and widely used technique for deciding whether to make a change. As its
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Chapter 8 The Cost of Capital 236 CHAPTER 8—THE COST OF CAPITAL TRUE/FALSE 1. Capital refers to items on the right-hand side of a firm’s balance sheet. 2. The component costs of capital are market-determined variables in as much as they are based on investors’ required returns. 3. The cost of debt is equal to one minus the marginal tax rate multiplied by the coupon rate on outstanding debt. 4. The cost of issuing preferred stock by a corporation must be adjusted to an after-tax
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TEST OF CONTROLS – REVENUE TRANSACTIONS |Audit Objective |Audit procedure |Findings | |General | | | |Validity |Observe
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establishments in Scotland provided that no profit accrues at any stage. ISBN 1 85955 929 8 contents Introduction 1 Section 1: The theory of perfect competition 3 Section 2: The theory of monopoly 9 Section 3: The theory of monopolistic competition and oligopoly 13 Section 4: Resource allocation/externalities 19 Section 5: Suggested solutions 23 INTRODUCTION There are basically two types of market situation: (a) Perfect competition – in this market‚ firms have no influence;
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Pattern of revenue receipts on revenue account include revenue received in the form of tax and non-tax revenue. On the other hand‚receipts on capital account is composed of loans from themarket‚ aid received from external sources‚ small savings‚state and public provident funds‚ special deposits of nongovernmentprovident funds‚ and special securities. Thus‚the revenue receipts of the governments - centre and states– are part of revenue account and capital receipts are part ofcapital account.
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1. Demand Curve for Oligopolistic Market. Above the kink‚ demand is relatively elastic because all other firms’ prices remain unchanged. Below the kink‚ demand is relatively inelastic because all other firms will introduce a similar price cut‚ eventually leading to a price war. Therefore‚ the best option for the oligopolist is to produce at point E which is the equilibrium point and the kink point. This is a theoretical model proposed in 1947‚ which has failed to receive conclusive evidence for
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