employees. Transactional Leadership For example‚ transactional leadership sets up a series of rewards and punishments to motivate members of the organization. If these individuals adequately meet the leader ’s goals and expectations‚ they will be rewarded for their hard work (i.e.‚ salary‚ bonus‚ or other incentive). On the other hand‚ if they fail or violate these goals and expectations‚ they may face punishment (i.e.‚ demotion‚ termination of employment‚ etc.) (Straker‚ 2007a). Transactional leadership
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Since the early beginnings of the formalization of the modern industries a need for a sales approach that addresses the specific requirements of different industries from their suppliers’ side emerged. In the early stages all efforts in this arena were individual‚ not formulated and depend largely on the situation‚ personal influences and relations. 2.1.1 The past As early as late 19th century and the beginnings of the 20th century the need to serve mass markets started to influence‚ and sometimes
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handling‚ fact finding and analysis. As time progressed‚ this 12 piece concept was then shifted to a more concise ‘4Ps’ paradigm by McCarthy in the 1960’s‚ which focused on four central categories of product‚ price‚ place and promotion. (p.10‚ 100 years of marketing:chapter 1)This shift in perspective aimed to appeal to a more marketing management approach and was‚ as McCarthy described‚ to be used as an ideal ‘starting point from which to construct a marketing strategy.’ (Gronoos‚ 1994a‚ 1994b) At this
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their effectiveness. Whichare as followed. 1. Transactional Leadership 2. Autocratic leadership 3. Bureaucratic leadership 4. Charismatic Leadership 5. Democratic/Participative Leadership 6. Laissez Faire Leadership 7. Task-oriented Leaders 8. People-Oriented/Relations-Oriented Leadership 9. Servant Leadership 10. Transformational Leadership Source internet: {http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_topics/types_of_leadership.htm} Transactional Leadership These leaders are the one who focuses
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describe the different kinds of choices organizations have to make in the whole process of bringing a product or service to market. The 4 Ps is one way - probably the best-known way - of defining the marketing mix‚ and was first expressed in 1960 by E J McCarthy. The 4Ps are: * Product (or Service) * Place * Price * Promotion They are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in the target market. The marketing mix is portrayed in the following
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and cultural values‚ organizational‚ personal and transitional factors) forms a complex and dynamic context of entrepreneurial leadership in Chinese firms. Benevolent leadership rooted in Confucianism is an overarching leadership style‚ whilst transactional and transformational leadership styles (which find parallel with Legalism and Daoism) are contingent upon a range of factors‚ especially the entrepreneurial leader’s personal background and the firm’s strategic focus and developmental stage. Keywords:
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weaknesses of their leaders‚ they may have difficulty in differentiating between the various transformational and transactional leadership behaviours. It is found that this is only the case for the transformational leadership attributes because the four transformational leadership dimensions measured by the MLQ correlate highly and cluster into one factor. MLQ ratings on the three transactional leadership dimensions are found n ot to be interrelated and show evidence for three distinct factors: contingent
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and Laughlin‚ 1997) model of the alternative nature of PMS lying on a continuum from ‘transactional’ at one end to ‘relational’ at the other built on respectively underlying instrumental and communicative rationalities and guided by a range of contextual factors. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Performance management systems (PMS) Communicative rationality Instrumental rationality Transactional PMS Relational PMS 1. Introduction The analysis of performance measurement systems
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McCarthyism: An Explanation Of How the Media Created and Then Destroyed Joseph McCarthy. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Senator Joseph Raymond McCarthy‚ was born in Grand Chute‚ Wisconsin‚ Nov.14‚ 1908‚ and died May 2‚ 1957‚ (Grolier‚ 1996) was best known for his attacks on alleged Communist subversion most notably within the administrations of the Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. The activities of McCarthy and his followers gave birth to the term McCarthyism. This term is used in reference
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through with their campaign promises. Gene McCarthy was an American politician‚ who served on the U.S. House of Representatives for three terms and the U.S. senate for three more terms. McCarthy was very similar to McKay in the sense that he was the Democratic candidate challenging incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson. However‚ this was different to the movie in the sense that the election between McCarthy and Johnson was for Presidency and that McCarthy failed to win the election. In the case of Bill
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