(Hobbes 107) where there would be “no knowledge” (Hobbes 107)‚ no society‚ and no culture. In sum‚ Hobbes’ argues that life in a state of nature would be “ solitary‚ poor‚ nasty‚ brutish‚ and short” (Hobbes 107). Hobbes’ argument is structured in a Modus Ponens form‚ with his main premise being that humans’ inborn qualities drive them towards competitiveness‚ fearfulness‚ suspiciousness‚ arrogance‚ increasing their power‚ and attempting to glorify themselves (Hobbes 106). Another premise is that men are
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Metaphysics The “Basic” Argument for Theological Fatalism Fatalism Fatalism is the view that everything that happens in entirely unavoidable. Since everything that happens is unavoidable‚ none of our actions are genuinely up to us and we powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Here is Richard Taylor on what the fatalist believes [“Fate” from Metaphysics‚ 4th Ed (Pearson‚ 1991)]: “A fatalist is someone who believes that whatever happens is and always was unavoidable.
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In this essay‚ I will argue that‚ as a result of our social institutions‚ race is an important feature of what we human person’s are. In the first section of this paper‚ I will introduce definitions‚ mention several general theories of race‚ and provide essential background information on race and other related content. In the next section‚ I will introduce my views and supporting evidence. Finally‚ I will address a couple objections to my argument and respond to them with my own counter arguments
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arrives at knowing the existence of minds his premises can be shown as followed: Cogito Argument[1] 1. I am thinking (derived from use of Cartesian doubt) 2. If I am thinking‚ then I exist. (Inference) 3. So‚ I exist (Modus Ponens) Now‚ as an early objection to these premises there are concerns‚ like Bertrand Russell’s‚ about Descartes notion that ‘I am thinking’. Essentially‚ the concern alludes to the fact that it is not apparent that there is an ‘I’ that is “thinking”
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Through the whole history people tend to ask different questions. Questions about the nature of things‚ the purpose of life‚ existence‚ creation and many others; this is how philosophy started. As people’s minds are constantly improving‚ all questions lead to human’s development. The desire of cognition of verity induces people to ask more and think more; they seek wisdom and try to improve their lives. The XIV – XVII centuries are known as the Renaissance‚ the era of intellectual and artistic
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Rene Descartes’ third meditation from his book Meditations on First Philosophy‚ examines Descartes’ arguments for the existence of God. The purpose of this essay will be to explore Descartes’ reasoning and proofs of God’s existence. In the third meditation‚ Descartes states two arguments attempting to prove God’s existence‚ the Trademark argument and the traditional Cosmological argument. Although his arguments are strong and relatively truthful‚ they do no prove the existence of God. At the
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Lecture 1: Obstacles to critical thinking: - - Egocentrism – Inability to see things at others’ points of view. I want you to support me and tell me that I’m right. I don’t want your rational analysis. Just support me no matter what. Adults are more egocentric Ethnocentrism – Or sociocentrism. My society‚ my ethnic background‚ etc. Stereotyping – Although there is a cognitive compensity to do this. Fear / Psychological Defensiveness – fear of questioning the beliefs Dogmatism – This
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Critical Thinking – PHI 210 Student Course Guide Prerequisite: None Quarter Meeting Days/Time Instructor Instructor Phone Instructor E-mail Instructor Office Hours/Location Academic Office Phone Number Strayer Technical Support 1-877-642-2999 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL — Required Kirby‚ G. R.‚ & Goodpaster‚ J.R. (2007). Thinking: An interdisciplinary approach to critical and creative thought (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River‚ NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL — Supporting The
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“Since there is no way of telling whether you are dreaming‚ there is no way of knowing anything about the external world.” Discuss. The radical sceptical hypothesis cited in the question above has been a source of epistemic frustration since the time of Plato‚ and has gripped philosophical interest through Sextus Empiricus‚ Michel de Montaign‚ up to Descartes whose Method of Doubt employs the most famous formulation of the Dreaming Argument‚ which goes from an unexceptional premise to the extraordinary
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Abstract Artifact Theory about Fictional Characters Defended — Why Sainsbury’s Category-Mistake Objection is Mistaken Zsófia Zvolenszky* Institute of Philosophy‚ Eötvös University (ELTE) Abstract. In this paper‚ I explore a line of argument against one form of realism about fictional characters: abstract artifact theory (‘artifactualism’‚ for short)‚ the view according to which fictional characters like Harry Potter are part of our reality‚ but (unlike concrete entities like the Big Ben
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