XV. GIMNAZIJA International Baccalaureate Department Group 4 – Chemistry SL Lab no.2: Acid-base titration Student: Caterina Rende Dominis Teacher: Zrinka Toplićan Date: 19 November 2012 Data Collection and Processing (DCP) Aspect 1: Recording raw data Table 1 Table showing raw data collected from titration Known measurements 25 mL of diluted acid 0‚100 M of NaOH solution Measurement Number | V of alkali needed to neutralize acid /mL/ (±0.01 mL)
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Hess’s law suggests that the enthalpy change of a reaction must be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of the related reactions which lead to the original reactions. The following are the reactions at the lab; 1) NaOH ( s) NaOH (aq) 2) NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) 3) NaOH (s) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) As explained before‚ Hess’s Law states that the enthalpy change of reaction three (ΔH3) should be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of the first two reactions
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solutions (L) M = __N___ for Monoprotic acids molarity = normality molar mass V One molar solution can be prepared by dissolving the mass of 1 mole of the particular substance in enough water to make a 1L solution. Monoprotic: HCL + NaOH H2O + NaCl Diprotic: H2SO4 + NaOH H2O + Na2SO4 N = __EW__ L EW= molar mass L = number of titratable protons To perform an acid-base neutralization using the titration technique to determine the concentration (normality)
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Examination #2 - Chapters 4‚5‚ and 6 Study Guide Chapter 4 - Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions * Reactions Stoichiometry * mole-mole conversions * mass-mass conversions * Limiting Reactants * What is the Limiting Reagent * How do we find the L.R. * Solutions * Molarity - definition and how to calculate * Dilutions Calculations (M1V1 = M2V2‚ careful with M2) * Solution Stoichiometry * volume-volume conversions * volume-mass
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forms of energy Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with the heat involved with chemical and physical changes Objectives 1. Define thermodynamics & thermochemistry 2. Define energy‚ heat and other thermodynamic terms 3. Define enthalpy 4. Discuss thermochemical equations 5. Define spontaneity‚ entropy and Gibb’s free energy Why study thermochemistry? • • it allows us to predict whether a certain process would occur spontaneously or not however‚ its limitations is that‚ it can
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Chapter 5 Notes The study of energy and its transformations is called thermodynamics. An aspect of thermodynamics that deals with the relationships between chemical reactions and energy changes involving heat is called thermochemistry. 5.1 The Nature of Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do work or produce heat. Work is the energy used to cause an object with mass to move. Heat is the energy of an object that causes its temperature to increase. Kinetic and Potential Energy
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Heat of Neutralization Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to measure‚ using a calorimeter‚ the energy changes accompanying neutralization reactions. In order to measure the amount of heat produced by a reaction‚ an instrument called a calorimeter was used. The calorimeter used in this experiment was somewhat rudimentary. It was constructed as shown in the following picture: After finding the heat capacity of the calorimeter‚ the student and partner neutralized two acids and
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can be reused again. Uses of a Bomb Calorimeter: Analyzing thermodynamic properties of a reaction: Bomb calorimeters are being used to measure the output of heat energy of a system which includes‚ the enthalpy changes of a system meaning the enthalpy change of formation‚ combustion‚ neutralization and atomization. This careful analyzing of may reactions thermodynamic properties could result in convenience in the future as many future scientists utilize this information gathered readily. Examining
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The Alternatives for the future By Pedro Albuquerque Index: Summary The real alternatives Proved oil and natural gas reserves World primary energy consumption Fuel fundamentals Fuel sources Alternatives for the future Dual-fuel Bio-diesel GTL Diesel Ethanol Hydrogen Gasoline Analyses & Conclusions Bibliography Acknowledgement 3 5 7 7 8 10 11 14 21 25 29 31 34 37 39 44 45 Summary 2 Alternatives future for the As the we live in a world that relies 99% in those two fuels for
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Combustion of Alcohols Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to use calorimetry to determine the molar enthalpy change in the combustion of each of a series of alcohols. Question: How do the enthalpies of combustion change as the alcohol molecules become larger? Prediction: I predict the bigger the molecule the more the energy will be released. Materials: On lab sheet Procedure: On lab sheet Observation: On other page Analysis: b) i) Ethanol – q=(100g)(4.18J/g/C)(25.5C) q=10659J
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