SYNOPSIS: *INTRODUCTION *FOOD SOURCES *ORAC IN FOODS *VITAMINS *CAROTENOID TERPENOIDS *FLAVONOIDS *PHENOLIC ACIDS AND THEIR ESTER *OTHER NONFLAVONOID PHENOLICS *POTENTIAL ORGANIC ANTIOXIDANT *ANTIOXIDANT IN FRUITS *CONCLUSION ANTI-OXIDANT INTRODUCTION: *An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. * Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRELIMINERIES Due to highly development of chemical and biochemical industries‚ acetic acid has largely produced to fulfil the needs of world demand in production of daily used products and for pharmaceutical needs. Therefore‚ this study is carried out to introduce the production of acetic acid using biological pathways which includes the used of microorganisms. In this chapter will briefly explained on the knowledge about acetic acid and the microorganism
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Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose‚ fructose‚ galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides‚ made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to glycerolbackbone. Some fatty acids‚ but not all‚ are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon‚ oxygen‚ and
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Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to check the time needed for salivary amylase and phosphorylase to produce a negative result and how different concentrations affected those times. Enzymes are biological catalysts that can cause a specific chemical change in any part of the body (Walsh‚ 2002). Many of the reactions that take place within a cell would normally take place at temperatures substantially higher than those present inside a cell (Alberts et al.‚ 2010). Because of this‚ these chemical
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a Gray Whale beached with over 20 plastic bags in its stomach (Todd David‚ 2011). Reaching Humans Obesity‚ infertility‚ and depression have all been linked to plastic pollution. Endocrine disrupters such as Bisphenol A are key monomers in plastic production (Stanton‚ 2009). These have been linked to affects on fat cells‚ which can lead to obesity. They have also found estrogen-mimicking effects that can affect a newborn babies brain and sexual organ development. Phthalates have
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acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (NH2) groups on each end. The resulting nylon is named on the basis of the number of carbon atoms separating the two acid groups and the two amines. These are formed into monomers of intermediate molecular weight‚ which are then reacted to form long polymer chains. Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II. It
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The type of the enzyme tasted in this experiment was amylase. Amylase enzymes break down starch into small carbohydrate molecules called monomers‚ or saccharides if it is sugar. Starch is broken down by amylase into maltose or glucose and fructose‚ which are simple sugars (Guzmán‐Maldonado‚ 1995). There are two types of amylase that are being tested in this experiment‚ which are Aspergillus
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Sugars Starches may be named monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ or polysaccharides relying upon the quantity of monomer (sugar) units they contain. They constitute a substantial piece of nourishments‚ for example‚ rice‚ noodles‚ bread‚ and other grain-based items. Monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ and polysaccharides contain one‚ two‚ and three or more sugar units‚ separately
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The Earth’s atmosphere has changed over billions of years‚ but for the past 200 million years it has been much as it is today. We are‚ however‚ causing our atmosphere to change by human activity. Burning fossil fuels and deforestation are two examples of human effect on the environment. Composition of the Earth’s atmosphere The composition of air You need to know the proportions of the main gases in the atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere has remained much the same for the past 200 million years
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Bond (Hydrogen and oxygen) Strong bond What hold molecules of water together? Hydrogen bond – Weak bond Dehydration Systems If you take a polysaccharide (polymers) and break down into monosaccharide (monomers)‚ this is the process of? Hydrolysis If you take amino acids (monomers) and you assemble together form a (polymers) protein that is? Dehydration synthesis Polymers Examples Polysaccharide (carbohydrates) Chitin‚
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