production of acetic acid by bacillus coagulans
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PRELIMINERIES
Due to highly development of chemical and biochemical industries, acetic acid has largely produced to fulfil the needs of world demand in production of daily used products and for pharmaceutical needs. Therefore, this study is carried out to introduce the production of acetic acid using biological pathways which includes the used of microorganisms. In this chapter will briefly explained on the knowledge about acetic acid and the microorganism. The chemical and biochemical pathways of production and usage of this product also will be further discussed in this chapter.
1.2 ACETIC ACID
Acetic acid is commonly known as ethanoic acid with chemical formula CH3COOH (Martin & Geoffey 1917). Basically acetic acid is carboxylic acid group which is the simplest carboxylic acid. The molecular structure of acetic acid is described as figure below:
Figure 1: Molecular structure of acetic acid (Martin & Geoffey, 1917)
The physical characteristics of acetic acid are concluded in table below:
Molar mass
60.05 g mol−1
Appearance
Colourless liquid
Density
1.049 g cm-3
Melting point
16-17 °C, 289-290 K, 61-62 °F
Boiling point
118-119 °C, 391-392 K, 244-246 °F
Solubility in water
Miscible
log P
-0.322
Acidity (pKa)
4.792
Basicity (pKb)
9.198
Viscosity
1.22 mPa s
Dipole moment
1.74 D
Table 1 : Physical characteristic of acetic acid (Stephen 2003)
Since the acetic acid is in group of carboxylic acid, thus it undergoes all the chemical reaction of carboxylic acid.
1.2.1 Acidity
The hydrogen center in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization:
CH3CO2H → CH3CO2- + H+
Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.75. Its conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−). A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PRELIMINERIES
Due to highly development of chemical and biochemical industries, acetic acid has largely produced to fulfil the needs of world demand in production of daily used products and for pharmaceutical needs. Therefore, this study is carried out to introduce the production of acetic acid using biological pathways which includes the used of microorganisms. In this chapter will briefly explained on the knowledge about acetic acid and the microorganism. The chemical and biochemical pathways of production and usage of this product also will be further discussed in this chapter.
1.2 ACETIC ACID
Acetic acid is commonly known as ethanoic acid with chemical formula CH3COOH (Martin & Geoffey 1917). Basically acetic acid is carboxylic acid group which is the simplest carboxylic acid. The molecular structure of acetic acid is described as figure below:
Figure 1: Molecular structure of acetic acid (Martin & Geoffey, 1917)
The physical characteristics of acetic acid are concluded in table below:
Molar mass
60.05 g mol−1
Appearance
Colourless liquid
Density
1.049 g cm-3
Melting point
16-17 °C, 289-290 K, 61-62 °F
Boiling point
118-119 °C, 391-392 K, 244-246 °F
Solubility in water
Miscible
log P
-0.322
Acidity (pKa)
4.792
Basicity (pKb)
9.198
Viscosity
1.22 mPa s
Dipole moment
1.74 D
Table 1 : Physical characteristic of acetic acid (Stephen 2003)
Since the acetic acid is in group of carboxylic acid, thus it undergoes all the chemical reaction of carboxylic acid.
1.2.1 Acidity
The hydrogen center in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization:
CH3CO2H → CH3CO2- + H+
Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.75. Its conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−). A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of