The Theory of Contestable Markets • Potential competition or monopoly In recent years‚ economists have developed the theory of contestable markets. This theory argues that what is crucial in determining price and output is not whether an industry is actually a monopoly or competitive‚ but whether there is the real threat of competition. If a monopoly is protected by high barriers to entry – say that it owns all the raw materials – then it will be able to make supernormal profits with no fear
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which a product has a substitute‚ price‚ entry and exit ease‚ and the level of mutual dependence. These structured variables are classified in the following market structures: perfectly competitive markets‚ monopolistically competitive markets‚ monopolies‚ and oligopolies (Colander‚ 2010). Trader Joe’s is a grocery store that offers upscale grocery fare such as; organic produce‚ nutritional supplements‚ and health foods. Trader Joe’s was founded by Joe Coulombe and started in 1958 as a small
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and a non-collusive oligopoly. [15 marks] Collusive Oligopoly • formal (cartel) or informal agreement (tacit collusion) among producers to limit competition between themselves • they act as if they were a monopoly • discussion of the consequences of the firms acting as a monopoly • impact on consumers • members may compete against each other using non-price competition • regulations to prevent collusion Non-Collusive Oligopoly • no agreement exists between producers • existence of
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most important personal objective * Growth objective * Profit maximization * Model * Economic profit ≠ accounting profit Market structures * Perfect competition * Monopolistic competition * Oligopoly * Monopoly Perfect competition * Many (small) suppliers and buyers: ‘price takes’ * Demand function for individual company * Products are perfect substitutes * Free entry and exit * Information is perfect (available to all no
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products to the market‚ it will let companies to gain opportunities to survive and develop in the market economy. Then‚ based on the past experience‚ people have a relatively clear consensus that monopoly behaviors may restrain and harm the market effective competition. For example‚ in 2009‚ when rumors were widely spread that Microsoft Corporation‚ the largest software manufacture in the world‚ would deploy the so called “black screen tactic” around the world‚ especially in China‚ it
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He stretches it a bit further by making it the relationship between technology and monopolies. With the rise of monopolies‚ there had been opinions that technological changes have put an end to competition and left people with a choice between control of production by private monopolies and direction by the government. (Hayek‚ 91) He analyzes the belief that “the alleged technological cause of the growth of monopoly is the superiority of the large firm over the small‚ owing to the greater efficiency
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anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business to compete in any market against any other” In the old days‚ the telecom industry was viewed as an example of “natural monopoly.” This was due to increasing returns to scale‚ where the telecom services could only be provided efficiently by a monopoly provider. In the U.S.‚ this pattern started many years ago when the American Bell Telephone purchased the Western Electric Company of Chicago. Alexander Graham Bell patented the
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Week 3 Knowledge Check Study Guide Concepts Mastery Score: 7 / 7 Questions MONOPOLY 100% 1 OLIGOPOLOY 100% 2 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION 100% 3 4 MARKET STRUCTURE 100% 5 6 7 Concept: MONOPOLY Mastery 100% Questions 1. In a monopolistically competitive market‚ A. firms produce differentiated products 1 B. there are barriers to entry C. firms produce homogeneous products D. the demand for any firm’s product is perfectly elastic Correct: The Correct Answer is: A. Concept: OLIGOPOLOY
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transport markets. Concentration ratio refers to the market share of the largest firms in an industry. For example‚ a 5 firm concentration ratio of 65% means that the 5 largest firms have more 65% of market sales. If the concentration ratio increased‚ then 1 or 2 firms may start to dominate the market and the firms will be able to exercise Monopoly power. (in UK legal definition of a monopoly is a firm with more than 25%) This is likely to cause many different types of inefficiencies In the above
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oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few dominant firms whose behavior is interdependent. There are a few dominant firms relative to market size‚ and they each command a large proportion of the market share‚ thus having strong monopoly power. Examples of petrol companies include Shell‚ Caltex and Exxon Mobil. Their demand curve is downward sloping‚ meaning that they are price setters. Petrol is a homogeneous product‚ hence the oligopoly is known to be pure or perfect. Theoretically
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