Firstly‚ I will be talking about the health belief model. The health belief model was developed to predict preventive health behaviour and it is a psychological model and it was first developed in the 1950s by a social psychologist named Hochbaum‚ Kegels and Rosenstock. The health belief model focuses mainly on the beliefs and attitude of the individuals. They believe that it makes changes to the persons behaviour. However‚ the health belief model also suggests that if an individual believes that
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Memory is the ability to encode‚ store and recall information. The three main processes involved in human memory are therefore encoding‚ storage and recall (retrieval). Additionally‚ the process of memory consolidation (which can be considered to be either part of the encoding process or the storage process) is treated here as a separate process in its own right. Encoding is a biological event beginning with perception through the senses. The process of laying down a memory begins with attention
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Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach to abnormality assumes that unconscious desires and memories influence behaviour and may lead to abnormality. It claims that personality develops in the childhood through a number of psychosexual stages and that too much or too little pleasure at one of these can lead to fixation and abnormal behaviour. For example‚ between the ages of two and four‚ children are in the anal stage- too much focus on holding in
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Fanger developed the model based on the research he performed at Kansas State University and the Technical University of Denmark. Fanger used the seven-point form of a thermal sensation scale along with numerous experiments involving human subjects in various environments. He related the subjects in response to the variables‚ which influence the condition of thermal comfort. Fanger’s model is based upon an energy analysis that takes into account all the modes of energy loss (L) from the body‚ including:
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Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachment (12 marks) Bowlby was an evolutionary Psychologist who believed that attachment is a part of evolutionary behaviour and focus on an animal’s instinctive and innate capabilities‚ and the functions of their behaviour. They believe this is useful for learning about human instinctive and biological behaviour. Attachment behaviour keeps a young animal or human safe. It is behaviour seen in all species of animal. Many species of animal form rapid attachments
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written information and comes in two parts‚ phonological store (inner ear) and Articulatory control process (Inner voice). Phonological store deals with speech-based material for around 1.5 ± 0.5 seconds. “The phonological store is capable of storing material for a limited period of time.” Articulatory control process is responsible for enabling speech‚ which is crucial for rehearsals and storage of verbal information from the phonological store. This holds a crucial role in the process of consolidation
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Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for schizophrenia (24) One psychological explanation of SZ was put forward by Bateson et al (1956) who looked at childhood as a base for developing SZ‚ for example the interactions children have with their mothers. His explanation‚ the Double Bind theory‚ states that schizophrenia can occur due to conflicting messages given from parents to their children‚ for example when a parent expresses care but does so in a critical way. This means that the child
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Describe and evaluate social influences on gender roles (25 marks) Bandura and Walters (1963) proposed the social learning theory initially to explain aggression in children‚ yet they argued it can be readily applied to any behaviour. SLT suggests we acquire new behaviours via observing others‚ then modelling the observed behaviour. We are more likely to model behaviours if the behaviour is rewarded‚ via indirect‚ vicarious reinforcement. We can also learn new behaviours via being reinforced
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Outline and evaluate The SLT theory of aggression. Aggression is defined by Baron & Richardson (1993) as ‘any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment’. According to Social Learning Theory aggressive behaviour is developed through the environment (rather than being an innate tendency – as the biological and psychoanalytical theories would suggest). If biological theories of aggression were faultless it
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Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to abnormality This approach focuses on the behaviour of the person to explain psychological abnormalities. It believes that the behaviour is learnt‚ and therefore can be unlearnt. It focuses on 3 different things: classical conditioning‚ operant conditioning and social learning theory. Classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov through his work on animals. He explained the development of abnormal behaviours through stimulus-response associations
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