iron is a soft but ductile metal made from pig iron by a low temperature oxidation process called ‘Puddling’. • It is not fully molten when withdrawn from the furnace and therefore‚ always contains some slag. Production of Wrought Iron • Wrought iron is made by removing silicon‚ sulphur‚ manganese‚ phosphorus and carbon from pig iron by oxidation conducted at a temperature of about 1300oC. • Oxygen required for oxidation is supplied partly by the atmospheric air passing through the furnace and
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Core 1 summary notes 1) Fossils fuels provide both energy & raw materials such as ethylene‚ for production of other substances Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum Catalytic cracking is the process whereby high molecular weight fractions are broken down to low molecular weight ones. This process is used in petroleum refineries where crude oil is broken down to smaller alkenes and alkanes‚ until ethene‚ propene‚
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presence of weak agents. Although regular re-standardization was essential for Iodine solution due to its lack of stability‚ it was still suitable for titrations due to its advantage of having sensitive and reversible indicator [5]. Reduction-oxidation titrations involving iodine were classified mainly into two; Iodimetry and Iodometry. Iodimetry was a direct method involving only one reaction between the titrant and the analyte [6]. ( )( ( ) )( ( ( ) ) ) In Reaction
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Identification and Production of Materials ================================ Ethene‚ Polymers and Ethanol ================================ Catalytic Cracking Oil refineries need to balance their outputs of various products (petrol‚ diesel‚ fuel oil‚ etc.) to match the demands of the marketplace. Catalytic cracking is the process in which high molecular weight (high boiling point) fractions from crude oil are broken into lower molecular weight (lower boiling point) substances in order to increase
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ALCOHOLS Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level‚ we will only look at compounds containing one -OH group. For example: Primary alcohols In a primary (1°) alcohol‚ the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group Some examples of primary alcohols include: Secondary alcohols In a secondary (2°) alcohol‚ the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to
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ONE-SCHOOL.NET Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry Rate or Reaction Calculation Rate of Reaction (Average Rate) Rates of reaction = Quantity change of reactants/products Total time for the reaction If the quantity change is immeasurable Rates of reaction = 1 Total time for the reaction Find the Rate From a Graph Average Rate Rates At an Instant The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph The rate of reaction at an instant‚ t‚ is equal to the of quantity against
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racemization and absolute configuration. 4. Single bonded functional groups 4 Alkyl halides: Classification and characteristics. Reactions‚ SN1‚ SN2‚ E1‚ E2 and their mechanisms‚ Grignard reagents Alcohols and ether: Synthesis‚ dehydration and oxidation of alcohols. Ether cleavage. Amines: Nucleophilic substitution‚ basicity and reaction with nitrous acid. 5.
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was all over the place‚ this is because the later I conduct the experiment‚ there is a higher chance of oxidation occur in the ascorbic acid solution as it have a direct contact with oxygen in the atmosphere. In order to keep constancy‚ I had to reduce the amount of ascorbic acid by ratio to 0.2g with 10ml of water. By measuring element for each trial‚ it is easier to control the rate of oxidation to have a data with higher precision.
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ionic bonds in an ionic compound such as sodium chloride‚ arranged in giant lattice structures. Ionic compounds have very strong bonds and a lot of energy is required to break them‚ meaning they have high melting and boiling points. Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation: the gain of oxygen from a
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similar to the contents of the chloroplast stroma and like the chloroplast‚ the mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelles containing the machinery for the production of some of its own proteins. The main function of the mitochondrion is the oxidation of the pyruvate derived from glycolysis and related processes to produce the ATP required to perform cellular work.(Campbell 182-9) Pyruvate‚ or fatty acids from the breakdown of triglycerides or phospholipids‚ pass easily through pores in the outer
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