Main factors affect the refined oil yield: 1‚ the alkali refining loss (1) for removal of colloid in hair oil‚ free fatty acid‚ moisture‚ impurities and other form of loss; (2) in the process caused by the loss of neutral oil saponification‚ emulsification; (3) theoretical calculation formula: alkali refining losses = 0.2 + 1.25 x (FFA % % + water + phosphatide content % % + 0.3% + impurities) 2‚ decoloring loss mainly for adsorption bleaching waste clay in oil absorption caused by the loss
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Oxidation-Reduction Activity Series Peter Jeschofnig‚ Ph.D. Version 42-0186-00-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions‚ diagrams if needed‚ and data tables that
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the balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of water to its elements. 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2. (a) Assign oxidation states to the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in each substance in the above chemical equation. The oxidation state of H2(g) and O2(g) is zero‚ because they are in their normal state. (b) Based on the changes in oxidation states for each atom‚ identify the atom that is oxidized and the atom that is reduced in the decomposition of water. Hydrogen atom is reduced
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and development of a Test rig to determine the Thermal and oxidation stability of Biodiesel Aim Design and fabrication of a test rig to determine thermal stability and oxidation stability of biodiesel. Objective Design of the reactor Fabrication of the reactor Fabrication of the control system Testing of the system Automation of the system Performance study of the oil for thermal stability Performance study of the oil for oxidation stability Introduction The term biofuel is used to define
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reactions. They are also known as oxidation-reduction reactions. This reaction passes one or more electrons from one species to another. The species that loses electrons are being oxidized while the species that gains electrons are reduced. The reaction occurs simultaneously. Numbers are given to each element in a chemical reaction to help us find out which element is oxidized and which is reduced. According to the Error: Reference source not foundduring a reaction‚ the oxidation number of an element increases
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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Define the terms: oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons. P.714 Identify electron transfer in redox equations. P.714 Identify oxidation and reduction half-reaction equations in an oxidation-reduction (redox) equation. P.715- 716 Identify a redox equation as the sum of the oxidation half-reaction and the reduction halfreaction. P.715- 716 Identify the species oxidized‚ the species reduced
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Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Quantities The Mole General‚ Organic‚ and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education‚ Inc. 1 Collection Terms A collection term states a specific number of items. 1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts 1 ream of paper = 500 sheets 1 case = 24 cans General‚ Organic‚ and Biological Chemistry 2 A Mole of Atoms A mole is a collection that contains the same number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.0 g of carbon 12C 6.02 x 1023 atoms of
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re-dox process – there is oxidation # changes with specific elements. Oxidation# increases = oxidation; Oxidation # decreases = reduction. Oxidation and reduction always happen within the same reaction. 2. Separate into 2 half-reactions. One show oxidation and the other reduction. 3. Balance the half equations for mass – only for the key elements at this time. 4. Balance the half equations for charge – adding e’s. * Find change of the oxidation number of a specific
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an oxidation- reduction reaction. • To determine the concentration of an unknown sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) solution by titrating it against standardized potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4). • To determine the percent by mass of Fe(II) in the form of ferrous ammonium sulfate Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O in a mixture by redox titration. B. Theory: (electron transfer reactions) 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s) 2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e- O2 + 4e- 2O2- Oxidation half-reaction
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Oxidative System • ATP yield: depends on substrate – 32 to 33 ATP/1 glucose – 100+ ATP/1 FFA • Duration: steady supply for hours • Most complex of three bioenergetic systems • Occurs in the mitochondria‚ not cytoplasm 4 Oxidation of Carbohydrate • Stage 1: Glycolysis • Stage 2: Krebs cycle • Stage 3: Electron transport chain Figure
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