one single fiber‚ channel spacing is decreased from 200GHz to 50GHz or even smaller. The direct side-effect is that linear and nonlinear degrading effects will be severe in such high-speed lightwave systems. An optimal modulation format which is more tolerant to linear and nonlinear impairments is needed urgently. In this thesis‚ we will detail and compare
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History Alexander Gurwitsch around 1930 Around 1923 Alexander Gurwitsch discovers an "ultraweak" photon emission from living systems (onions‚ yeast‚...)‚ since he suggested connections between photon emission and cell division rate. He calls this photonemission "mitogenetic radiation". His experiments indicate that the wavelength is in the range around 260 nm (Bibliography under Gurwisch and also Ruth (1977‚ 1979)). Around 1950: Russian scientists rediscover "ultraweak photon emission"
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structural integrity of components in service. Techniques for embedding fiber optic sensors in metals‚ polymers‚ and ceramics have been investigated. Embedding optical fibers into metals is especially challenging because engineering alloys tend to exhibit high melting temperatures. In the present research an embedding sequence was developed capable of embedding fiber sensors into parts made of metal alloys with high melting temperatures. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were selected as the most promising
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Survey Report Objective: To conduct a survey on the SDH technology and its implementation in Pakistan SUBMITTED TO: SIR MUHAMMAD RAMZAN Saman Ishtiaq Malik (Reg No. 206) Shumaila Batool (Reg No. 209) Sumaira Shamim (Reg No. 212) Hira Jafri (Reg No. 214) Yumna Ghazi (Reg No. 217) Zonera Tahir (Reg No. 220) 0|Page Certificate of Originality We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and to the best of our knowledge of belief‚
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M.R.I.E.M Topic: Optical Fiber Design by : Rahul Ohlan INDIA Brief flow of presentation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Introduction What are Optical Fibers? Evolution of optical fiber Structure of optical fiber Workings principle of optical fiber Classification of optical fiber Optical fiber communication system Advantages / Disadvantages of Optical fiber Applications of Optical fiber Conclusion Evolution of optical fiber • • • • • • • 1880 – Alexander Graham Bell 1930 – Patents on tubing
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For circulation to Trainees only Agenda • History • Why Optical Fiber? • Applications of Optical Fiber • Transmission Sequence • Geometry of Fiber • Principle of Propagation of Light • Types of Optical Fiber For circulation to Trainees only History • • • • 1960: Laser invented 1967: New Communications medium: cladded fiber 1960s: Extremely lossy fiber: more than 1000 dB /km 1970‚ Corning Glass Work NY‚ Fiber with loss of less than 2 dB/km 70s & 80s : High quality sources and detectors
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Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile Name: Hope Schallert Instructor: Dr. Weithop Date: 03.08.2015 Predictions Dietary fiber will: increase transit time Dietary fiber will increase the amount of bile acid in solution Materials and Methods Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time 1. Dependent variable. number of radiopaque markers in GI tract 2. Independent variable. amount and type of fiber in meal 3. Controlled variables. calories in meal‚ nutrients in meal Effect of Dietary Fiber on Bile
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(OTDR) Introduction In fiber optic networks‚ OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is an opto-electronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. Unlike power meters OTDR does not measure loss‚ but instead implies it by looking at the backscatter signature of the fiber. Generally‚ OTDR are used to determine the loss of any part of a system‚ the length of the fiber and the distance between any points of interest. Most of the light which is sent to the fiber can be detected at the other
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Parallel Forces Objective: Find FA and FB on the apparatus which are parallel to both Fulcrum A and B. Calculations: Theoretical FB Στ = 0 +FB 0.5 - (0.1kg x g x 0.1m) - (0.2kg x g x 0.4m) - (0.05kg x g x 0.7m) - (0.1kg x g x 0.3m) = 0 -[{(0.1kg x 0.1m) + (0.2kg x 0.4m) + (0.05kg x 0.7m) + (0.1kg x 0.3m)}x 9.8] + 0.5FB = 0 0.5FB = [(0.1 x 0.1) + (0.2 x 0.4) + (0.05 x 0.7) + (0.1 x 0.3)]x 9.8 FB = FB = 3.04 N Experimental FB FB = mpanB g - mfulcrumB g FB = (0.385kg x 9.8)
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MATERIAL: CARBON FIBER Carbon Fiber is a structural material of graphite which is an allotrope of carbon. Therefore Carbon Fibre consists of carbon atoms in an atomic structure similar to Graphite. Carbon Fibre is composed of filament threads and within these threads are an accumulation of thousands of fine Carbon filaments. A filament has a diameter of approximately 5-10 micrometers. (Madehow‚ 2012) Due to the substantial stability in bonding between Graphite and Carbon Fiber the structure is
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