Table of Contents Introduction ..3 Risk Factors .3 Pathophysiology ...4 Clinical manifestation ..5 Diagnostic criteria 5 Laboratory and Diagnostic test 6 Evaluation & Treatment ...6 Prognosis ..6 Summary ..7 There
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we explain how the heart operates as a pump‚ beginning with the special features of heart muscle itself. Physiology of Cardiac Muscle The heart is composed of three major types of cardiac muscle: atrial muscle‚ ventricular muscle‚ and specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers. The atrial and ventricular types of muscle contract in much the same way as skeletal muscle‚ except that the duration of contraction is much longer. Conversely‚ the specialized excitatory and conductive fibers contract
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According to the American Medical Association Family Medical Guide‚ about 8 out of every 1‚000 children are born with heart abnormalities‚ or congenital heart defects.( AMAFMG p. 389) The 4 most recurring defects are Pulmonary Stenosis‚ Aortic Stenosis‚ Atrial Septal Defect and Ventricular Septal Defect. ( Radiologic Technology 2008) The most common form of congenital defect is Ventricular Septal Defect or VSD. A VSD is an opening of the septum that separates the left and right side of the heart‚ or
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CARDIO-VASCULAR: A) Inspection: 1. Scars : valve lesion‚ surgery - pacemaker box-under pec. muscle 2. Skeletal abnormalities : pectus escavatum(funnel chest) - Kyphoscoliosis - Marfan’s syndrome-move position of heart-move apex beat 3. Deformities: interfere pulmonary function – pulmonary hypertension 4. Apex beat : Normal position – 5th left intercostal space‚ 1cm medial midclavicular
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are among the commonest arrhythmias that occurs in patient with or without heart disease.The peripheral pulse associated with such episodes is known as pulsus bigeminus. The most feared complication is its potential to develop into ventricular fibrillation and asystole. Hypokalemia and light plane of anaesthesia are some of the few correctable causes of
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discrepancies. Heart rhythms are measured in waves‚ complexes (spikes) and intervals (time lapses)‚ which are assigned the letters P-T. P is a wave representing atrial depolarization‚ which causes the atria to contract‚ in response to electrical impulses sent from the SA node. The PR interval shows the time from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of the ventricular depolarization which follows it‚ which comes after a slight delay in receiving the impulses through the AV node
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K+ ions rush out of the cell‚ and the net result is rapid repolarization that restores the resting potential. ATRIAL DIASTOLE/ VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE. During atrial repolarization‚ the ventricles are depolarizing (seen as the QRS on the EKG) because the impulse has passed the AV node‚ travelled along the septum within the bundle of His‚ down the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers. The
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Using the grouped sets of terms to the right of the diagram‚ correctly identify each trace‚ valve closings and openings‚ and each time period of the cardiac cycle. a c 1 2 b g 3 4 5 d 120 i f h Pressure (mm Hg) i 1. aortic pressure k 2. atrial pressure n 3. ECG o 4. first heart sound p 5. second heart sound g 6. ventricular pressure m 7. ventricular volume h 8. aortic semilunar valve closes f 9. aortic semilunar valve opens e 80 40 l j 0 k b‚ d 10. AV and semilunar
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Eddie Kaplan The use of tasers by the law enforcement agencies in general‚ and by police officers. This has become one of the most controversial issues in the area of criminal justice policy. This is because the issues are really straightforward and the issues at hand are serious. The use of taser should be permitted to extend that such use is necessary to police officers should have some understanding of the effects that using weapon is likely to have upon a suspect before using the weapon
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(a) Give generalized conclusions (in point form) according to your observation in (a). 1. systolic pressure increases when the degree of exercise increases Systolic pressure increases gradually from 115 mmHg at rest to 150 mmHg during severe exercise. When thr degree of exercise increases‚ the skeleton muscle needs more energy(ATP) for rapid contraction by carrying out aerobic respiration. The skeleton muscle required faster uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. At the same time‚ skeleton
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