Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is an inflammation of the bladder that causes bladder pain and irritation. In the article that I chose‚ the authors discussed the etiology‚ pathophysiology‚ management‚ pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches‚ and surgical interventions of IC. The condition commonly occurs in women and teens. Diagnosis is usually one of exclusion and treatment is provided to reduce inflammation. Symptoms of IC include urgency‚ frequency‚ painful urination‚ nocturia and fever
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I. Definition A molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus‚ converting the normal pregnancy progress into a pathological one. It is characterized by the presence of a hydatidiform mole‚ which the chorionic villi around the fetus degenerate and form clusters of fluid-filled sacs‚ resulting in tumor growth that forms in the uterus as a bunch of cysts resembling grape-like vesicles that are visible to the naked eye. Hydatidiform
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hypertension replaces the PIH and is used for hypertensive disorders that are specifically associated with pregnancy‚ pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It has long been one of the major problems for mothers in pregnancy‚ along with infection and postpartum hemorrhage. There exist several hypertensive states of pregnancy: • Gestational hypertension = usually defined as a BP over 140/90 without the presence of protein in the urine. • Preeclampsia = gestational hypertension (BP > 140/90)‚ and proteinuria
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records as well as a negative test for lupus anticoagulant‚ anticardiolipin‚ and B2 glycoprotein. There was at least one positive lupus anticoagulant test one month prior to her negative one. Also‚ in her last pregnancy she had a notable postpartum hemorrhage secondary to a retained placenta. She lost over 2000 cc. She was intubated in her prior uterine artery embolization to control bleeding.
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Diagnosis The assigned clinical experienced was an opportunity to meet and interact with a patient that was scheduled to have a cesarean and to obtain a history. The Patient‚ T is a 27 year old female who is a Multipara and has a history of marijuana use‚ HPV‚ Abnormal Pap smear‚ CIN changes‚ and anxiety with depression. This patient is blood type A‚ RH and G Betta negative. She is also Rubella immune. The first baby was delivered via cesarean at 40 weeks‚ due to fetal distress and cord entanglement
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25mmHg -Contractions are not exceedingly painful‚ because of their lack of intensity -Increase length of labor because it requires more uterine contractions - Can cause the uterus not to contract effectively during postpartum because of exhaustion‚ increasing chance of postpartum haemorrhage. Risk factors: -Bladder distention prevent descent -A uterus that is overstretched because of multiple gestation -Administration of analgesia B. HYPERTONIC CONTRACTIONS -Marked by an increase in resting
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SHOULDER DYSTOCIA Presented by Dr . E . G. Migwi • -an uncommon obstetric complication of cephalic vaginal deliveries • -the fetal shoulders do not deliver after the head has emerged from the mother’s introitus. • -One or both shoulders become impacted against the bones of the maternal pelvis (mechanical reasons).size or positional discrepancy‚ thus almost always after 34 weeks. Anterior shoulder impacted behind the symphysis pubis and also posterior shoulder impacted behind the sacral promontory
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Stroke I. Pathophysiology A. Ischemic Stroke 1. Results from blockage of a cerebral artery‚ leading to decreased blood flow. 2. Cerebral blood arteries dilate and constrict due a process called cerebral autoregulation. 3. This process is affected by stroke 4. One possible ischemic stroke occurs due to blockage of an intracranial vessel due to an embolus from a distant area (i.e. cardiogenic embolus)‚ 5. Another possible ischemic stroke occurs due to in situ thrombosis of an intracranial vessel
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x-ray‚ hypoxemia refractory to oxygensupplementation‚ and reduced lung compliance. These signs occur in the absence of left side failure. Patients with ARDS usually require mechanical ventilation with a higher than normal airway pressure. * PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ARDS Occurs as a result of inflammatory trigger that initiates the release of cellular and chemical mediators‚ causing injury to the alveolar capillary membrane. These result in leakage of fluid into the alveolar interstitial spaces and alterations
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2–5 days of the typical symptoms of dengue fever 2. Irritability Associated with rapid deterioration 3. Restlessness Associated with rapid deterioration 4. Low blood pressure Related to hemorrhage 5. Weak and rapid pulse Related to hemorrhage 6. Petechial rash Related to hemorrhage Stages of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever • Grade I: fever + Herman’s sign (flushes and redness of skin with lighter color at the center of the rash) • Grade II: Grade I symptoms + bleeding (epistaxis
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