pathology of atrial fibrillation. Written with a basic understanding of human heart function/structure as a prerequisite‚ this paper will first discuss key terms one must be familiar with before providing researched information explaining the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Next‚ it will discuss the etiology‚ clinical manifestations‚ common laboratory diagnostics‚ and interventions. Lastly‚ this paper continues by providing readers with nursing diagnoses and patient teachings associated
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Congestive Heart Failure Christina Cabrera Mayra Cortez Serina Markham Irina Peters Prevalence & incidence of CHF Mortality Rate: 4.1% 5.1 million people in the US have CHF National Cost is $32 billion each year 550‚000 are diagnosed each year. Congestive heart failure (CHF): Clinical Presentation Also known as Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumping and/or filling action Associated with Cardiovascular diseases Chronic hypertension Coronary artery disease
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1. Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake‚ controlling thought‚ speech‚ emotions and behavior‚ maintaining balance and posture? Emotions and behavior are controlled by the hypothalamus (p.455) The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and posture (p.455) The reticular formation is essential for maintaining wakefulness and in conjunction with the cerebral cortex is referred to as the reticular activating system (p.450) The Broca speech
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leads to a propensity for the cells to assume an abnormal‚ rigid‚ sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Sickle-cell disease is associated with a number of acute and chronic health problems‚ such as severe infections‚ attacks of severe pain‚ stroke‚ and an increased risk of death. Sickle-cell disease occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the hemoglobin gene‚ one from each parent. Several subtypes exist‚ depending on the exact mutation in each hemoglobin gene. A person with a single
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EXAM II Learning Objectives L/O - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function – By Tabitha Beck 1. Describe the causes and effects of obstruction in various locations within the urinary tract. a. Urinary tract obstruction is an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract. i. Can be caused by an anatomic or functional defect i. Obstructive uropathy - Anatomic changes in the urinary system caused by an obstruction. a. Upper Urinary
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of 33.5 million people suffering from AFib with the incidence of 5 million new cases annually. Associate with the substantial clinical complications like heart failure‚ embolus such as cerebral emboli with a portion of 25%-30% of all acute ischemic stroke‚ and last not least cognitive impairment and disability*2(). Sudden cardiac death was estimated to be the most common lead of death accounted nearly half of all cardiovascular diseases among 21349 AFib patients*1(). That burden the health care utilization
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Sickle Cell Anemia Pathophysiology: Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. The “sickling” occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain‚ serious infections‚ and organ damage. Life expectancy in people who have this disease is shortened. Anemia is a condition in
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ineffective rhythm and ineffective emptying causes decreased cardiac output and stasis of blood. The stasis that results can cause harmful clots to pool in the atria putting patients at risk for thromboembolic stroke‚ pulmonary embolus‚ or renal embolus. An estimated 15% to 25% of strokes are associated with AF (Hardin & Steele‚ 2008). Predisposing Factors Several factors place patients at risk for AF. A history of hypertension and/or coronary heart disease seems to be the most common underlying
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Cushing’s syndrome. Firstly‚ according to a clinical study‚ Cushing’s syndrome is a chronic excessive exposure of glucocorticoids of the body’s tissues of the high level of the hormone cortisol‚ also known as hypercortisolism. In normal adrenal pathophysiology‚ the production of hormone cortisol produced within adrenal gland by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal glands located in the superior
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Atherosclerosis A number of ageing changes occur in the aorta‚ arteries and arterioles. The age related changes that occur in muscular arteries are usually known as arteriosclerosis. It involves alterations of the smooth muscle hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis further reducing the diameter of the vessel. Atherosclerosis is the most common arterial abnormality known as arteriosclerosis which is defined as the stiffening or hardening of the artery walls. However‚ atherosclerosis refers to the hardening
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