Patho Review
EXAM II Learning Objectives
L/O - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function – By Tabitha Beck 1. Describe the causes and effects of obstruction in various locations within the urinary tract. a. Urinary tract obstruction is an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract. i. Can be caused by an anatomic or functional defect i. Obstructive uropathy - Anatomic changes in the urinary system caused by an obstruction. a. Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction (kidneys and ureters): i. Can be bilateral or unilateral ii. Major medical concerns are: pooling and pressure iii. Causes: 1. Stricture a. Result of scar tissue 1. Compression a. Tumor 1. Blockage a. Stones 1. Stenosis a. Plaque i. Effects: 1. Dilation of the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and renal parenchyma PROXIMAL to the site of urinary blockage. a. Urinary stasis - hypertrophy and accumulation of urine above the level of blockage b. Hydroureter - accumulation of urine in the ureter c. Hydronephrosis - dilation of the renal pelvics and calyces a. Ureterohydronephrosis - dilation of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system 1. Compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction - process of counteracting the negative consequences of unilateral obstruction a. Two growth processes i. Obligatory growth i. Compensatory growth a. Causes UNAFFECTED kidney to increase the size of glomeruli and tubules but NOT the total number of functioning neprhons. i. Relief of obstruction: 1. Reverse the process of compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction 2. Postobstructive diuresis - excretion of urine after obstruction
L/O - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function – By Tabitha Beck 1. Describe the causes and effects of obstruction in various locations within the urinary tract. a. Urinary tract obstruction is an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract. i. Can be caused by an anatomic or functional defect i. Obstructive uropathy - Anatomic changes in the urinary system caused by an obstruction. a. Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction (kidneys and ureters): i. Can be bilateral or unilateral ii. Major medical concerns are: pooling and pressure iii. Causes: 1. Stricture a. Result of scar tissue 1. Compression a. Tumor 1. Blockage a. Stones 1. Stenosis a. Plaque i. Effects: 1. Dilation of the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and renal parenchyma PROXIMAL to the site of urinary blockage. a. Urinary stasis - hypertrophy and accumulation of urine above the level of blockage b. Hydroureter - accumulation of urine in the ureter c. Hydronephrosis - dilation of the renal pelvics and calyces a. Ureterohydronephrosis - dilation of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system 1. Compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction - process of counteracting the negative consequences of unilateral obstruction a. Two growth processes i. Obligatory growth i. Compensatory growth a. Causes UNAFFECTED kidney to increase the size of glomeruli and tubules but NOT the total number of functioning neprhons. i. Relief of obstruction: 1. Reverse the process of compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction 2. Postobstructive diuresis - excretion of urine after obstruction