Nt1310 Unit One Term 2 Review
Anatomy Term 2 Review
READ THIS FIRST:
This packet is meant to provide a review of all of the content questions/objectives which have been covered throughout the semester, and will be assessed on the final exam.
You are not to answer every single question for points.
Use this packet to write out your “Notes Sheets”:
Allowed 3 pieces of 8.5” x 11” paper.
Can be typed or handwritten.
Must have student’s name clearly written on it.
3 sheets must be stapled and turned in on the day of the final exam.
Only needs to contain content which the student deems “important” to have on the final exam.
There will be NO formal review of the semester’s content.
The final exam is 20% of the overall semester grade.
PAK 7-Circulatory System
1. Describe …show more content…
a blood cell.
2. What is an erythrocyte and where are they produced?
3. What chemical produces and inflammatory reaction?
4. What blood type is the universal donor? Universal receiver?
5. List and describe the non-living components of blood.
6. List and describe the living components of blood.
7. Describe the steps involved in blood cell formation.
8. Be able to do Punnett squares involving blood types: Ex. A x O, AB x AB
9. Sample Problems:
A person with type AB blood is married to someone with type O blood. What is the chance that they will have a child with type A blood?
If a woman is a carrier is married to a normal man, what percentage of her children will be hemophiliacs?
X H X h x X H Y
10. What is sickle cell anemia? How is it inherited (punnett squares)?
11. What is coagulation?
12. What is hemophilia and how it is inherited (punnett squares)?
13. What is anemia? What causes anemia?
14. What is a platelet?
15. What is a leukocyte? What is its function?
16. What is hematocrit?
17. What is hemoglobin?
18. What is plasma? What is it composed of?
19. What is hemostasis?
20. What is leukemia?
21. What is a macrophage?
22. What is an ECG? Name the parts (points) of an ECG diagram.
23. Name the location of all 4 valves of the heart.
24. Trace the flow of blood through the heart
25. What is the difference between a bicuspid and a tricuspid?
26. Compare systole to diastole (opening and closing of valves)
27. Compare arteries and veins.
28. List the factors effecting blood pressure.
29. Where does the pulmonary artery deliver blood to?
30. What is the difference between and artery and a vein?
31. Where does the carotid artery deliver blood to?
32. Where is the femoral artery and vein located?
33. Blood returning to the heart enters what chamber first?
34. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
35. Blood returning to the heart from the legs travels through what vein?
36. Brachicephalic arteries deliver blood where?
37. What part of the brain regulates the cardiac cycle?
38. What vein runs parallel to the carotid artery?
39. What is the aorta and what is its function?
40. What divides the left and right side of the heart?
41. Where do renal arteries deliver blood to?
42. What is the pericardium?
PAK 8-Immune & Lymphatic
1. Define lymph.
2. List the lymphoid organs of the body.
3. Describe the generalized functions of the lymphatic system and list the primary lymphatic structures.
4. Compare the chemical structure of lymph and interstitial fluid.
5. Discuss the formation, distribution, and general body plan of lymphatic drainage through the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
6. Compare the structure of lymphatic vessels and veins.
7. Discuss the specialized function of the lymphatic system in absorption of fats and other nutrients from the small intestine.
8. Discuss the “lymphatic pump” and other lymphokinetic actions that result in central movement, or flow, of lymph.
9. Describe and correlate the structure of lymph nodes with their function as biological filters.
10. Give the location of the major groups, or clusters, of lymph nodes in the body and identify their two primary functions.
11. Describe the location of the tonsils and describe their role in the lymphatic system.
12. Locate the thymus in the body and discuss its gross and microscopic anatomy and functions as a primary central organ of the lymphatic system.
13. Discuss the location, structure, and functions of the spleen.
14. Differentiate between the two major categories of immune mechanisms.
15. Describe species resistance as it relates to the human species.
16. Explain the inflammatory response and phagocytosis as it relates to inflammation.
17. Compare and contrast specific and nonspecific mechanisms of immunity.
18. Discuss the formation of lymphocytes and identify the two major classes of these specialized cells.
19. Compare the chemistry and functional activity of antigens and antibodies.
20. Discuss the development and activation of B cells.
21. Discuss the relationship between chemical structure and functional activity of antibodies or immunoglobulins.
22. List and compare the five classes of immunoglobulins.
23. Discuss the role of complement in the immune system.
24. Briefly discuss the two basic tenets of the clonal selection theory.
25. Describe the development, activation, and functions of T cells.
26. Explain the role of the thymus in cell-mediated immunity.
27. Discuss the origin and function of lymphokines and lymphotoxin.
PAK 9-Respiratory System
1. What is the function of the mucus membrane?
2. Where is the pharynx located?
3. Where are the sinuses located?
4. What is the function of the hyaline cartilage?
5. The site of gas exchange between the air and capillaries of the circulatory system is the _________ (grapes)
6. What is the function of the respiratory system?
7. What is the function of the larynx?
8. What is the function of the epiglottis?
9. The trachea divides into two ________
10. Where are the conchae located? What is their function?
11. Where is the hard and soft palate located?
12. What is the function of the diaphragm?
13. List and briefly discuss the regulated and integrated processes that ensure tissues of an adequate oxygen supply and prompt removal of carbon dioxide.
14. Define pulmonary ventilation and outline the mechanism of normal, quiet inspiration and expiration.
15. Discuss the major factors that determine the volume of oxygen entering lung capillary blood.
16. Explain how blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
17. Discuss gas exchange in tissue capillaries between arterial blood and cells.
18. Discuss the primary factors that influence the respiratory control center and thereby control
PAK 10-Digestive System
1. Where does digestion begin?
2. Trace the path food takes when it enters the alimentary canal at the mouth.
3. What are the two valves of the stomach (and specific locations)?
4. What is the function of the gall bladder?
5. What membrane hangs like a curtain over the organs?
6. What organ is responsible for absorbing nutrients into the blood?
7. Where is undigested material stored before it leaves the body?
8. List the 4 sections (in order) of the large intestine.
9. List the 3 sections (in order) of the small intestine.
10. Bile and pancreatic juices empty into what structure?
11. Where is the cecum located? The appendix?
12. What is chyme?
13. Where is the frenulum located? The uvula?
14. Which teeth are used for biting? For grinding food?
15. Describe the primary mechanisms of the digestive system.
16. Define and compare mechanical and chemical digestion.
17. Discuss the function of mastication.
18. List and explain the three main steps or stages of deglutition.
19. Differentiate between peristalsis and segmentation.
20. Explain the process of emptying the stomach.
21. Define chemical digestion.
22. Define the term enzyme and classify enzymes according to the type of chemical reaction catalyzed.
23. List and discuss important properties of digestive enzymes.
24. Compare and contrast protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion.
25. Discuss the control of salivary, gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal exocrine secretions.
26.
Identify and discuss the absorption of nutrients resulting from the digestive process and the structures into which they are absorbed.
27. Discuss elimination and defecation
PAK 11-Urinary System
1. What two substances are transported through the urethra (and then outside the body?
2. What is incontinence? Why does it occur?
3. What do renal veins connect to?
4. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
5. What tube connects the kidneys to the bladder?
6. What tube is used to transport urine outside the body?
7. List the major organs of the urinary system.
8. Describe the renal blood supply and trace blood flow through the specialized vessels of the kidney.
9. Discuss and compare the structure and the functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
10. Name the parts of a nephron and describe the role of each component in the formation of urine.
11. Discuss how the kidneys form urine and trace urine from its point of formation to the exterior of the body.
12. Discuss filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in relation to the formation of urine by the kidneys.
13. Discuss the countercurrent mechanisms for concentrating or diluting urine.
14. Explain how urine volume is regulated under normal conditions.
15. Describe the physical characteristics of normal
urine.
PAK 12-Reproductive System
1. Explain how the normal functioning of the reproductive system differs from the end result of normal function measured in any other organ system in the body.
2. List and discuss the male functions in reproduction.
3. List the essential and accessory organs of the male reproductive system and give the generalized function of each.
4. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the testes.
5. Discuss the primary functions of testosterone and identify the cell type responsible for its secretion.
6. Describe the structure of a mature spermatozoon.
7. Trace the passage of an individual sperm cell from its point of formation, in sequence, through the genital ducts to the exterior of the body.
8. Describe the structure, location, and function(s) of the following: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands.
9. Identify the components and functions of the male external genitals.
10. Discuss the composition and course of seminal fluid.
11. Discuss male fertility.
12. List the essential and accessory sex organs of the female reproductive system and give the generalized functions of each.
13. Explain the clinical importance of the perineum during childbirth.
14. Describe the structure of the ovaries and explain the steps in development of mature ova from ovarian follicles.
15. Identify the two functions of the ovaries.
16. Discuss the structure of the uterus, including details of its wall layers, size, shape, cavities, blood supply, and ligaments.
17. Locate the uterus in the pelvic cavity and compare its position with the abnormal position of retroflexion.
18. Identify the functions of the uterus.
19. Discuss the location, structure, divisions, and functions of the uterine tubes.
20. Discuss the location, structure, and primary functions of the vagina.
21. Identify the structures that together constitute the female external genitals.
22. Identify the phases of the endometrial, or menstrual, cycle.
23. Explain the hormonal control of cyclical changes that occur in the ovaries and uterus.
24. Discuss the importance of the female reproductive cycles.
25. Compare and contrast menarche and menopause.
26. Describe the structure of the breasts and the mechanism controlling lactation.
27. Explain the meaning of developmental biology.
28. Describe the process of meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.
29. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
30. Outline the steps involved in fertilization and implantation.
31. Describe the early stages in the development of the human embryo.
32. Identify the developmental and structural features of the placenta.
33. Outline the developmental changes that occur during the first trimester of pregnancy.
34. Identify the different types of stem cells.
35. Explain the meanings of histogenesis and organogenesis.
36. Identify and describe the stages of labor.
37. Explain two different processes that can result in twinning, or double birth.
38. Give a brief description of the four most common postnatal periods, including the major growth and developmental changes.
39. Describe, by system, the effects of aging.
THERE WILL BE NO INFORMATION ON THE FINAL FOR THE MINK.
REMEMBER…..THIS IS A SUMMARY OF THE INFORMATION THAT COULD BE COVERED ON YOUR EXAM! BE SURE TO LOOK AT THE SEMINARS AS WELL AS YOUR HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS FROM THE PAKS SHOWN!
READ THIS FIRST:
This packet is meant to provide a review of all of the content questions/objectives which have been covered throughout the semester, and will be assessed on the final exam.
You are not to answer every single question for points.
Use this packet to write out your “Notes Sheets”:
Allowed 3 pieces of 8.5” x 11” paper.
Can be typed or handwritten.
Must have student’s name clearly written on it.
3 sheets must be stapled and turned in on the day of the final exam.
Only needs to contain content which the student deems “important” to have on the final exam.
There will be NO formal review of the semester’s content.
The final exam is 20% of the overall semester grade.
PAK 7-Circulatory System
1. Describe …show more content…
a blood cell.
2. What is an erythrocyte and where are they produced?
3. What chemical produces and inflammatory reaction?
4. What blood type is the universal donor? Universal receiver?
5. List and describe the non-living components of blood.
6. List and describe the living components of blood.
7. Describe the steps involved in blood cell formation.
8. Be able to do Punnett squares involving blood types: Ex. A x O, AB x AB
9. Sample Problems:
A person with type AB blood is married to someone with type O blood. What is the chance that they will have a child with type A blood?
If a woman is a carrier is married to a normal man, what percentage of her children will be hemophiliacs?
X H X h x X H Y
10. What is sickle cell anemia? How is it inherited (punnett squares)?
11. What is coagulation?
12. What is hemophilia and how it is inherited (punnett squares)?
13. What is anemia? What causes anemia?
14. What is a platelet?
15. What is a leukocyte? What is its function?
16. What is hematocrit?
17. What is hemoglobin?
18. What is plasma? What is it composed of?
19. What is hemostasis?
20. What is leukemia?
21. What is a macrophage?
22. What is an ECG? Name the parts (points) of an ECG diagram.
23. Name the location of all 4 valves of the heart.
24. Trace the flow of blood through the heart
25. What is the difference between a bicuspid and a tricuspid?
26. Compare systole to diastole (opening and closing of valves)
27. Compare arteries and veins.
28. List the factors effecting blood pressure.
29. Where does the pulmonary artery deliver blood to?
30. What is the difference between and artery and a vein?
31. Where does the carotid artery deliver blood to?
32. Where is the femoral artery and vein located?
33. Blood returning to the heart enters what chamber first?
34. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
35. Blood returning to the heart from the legs travels through what vein?
36. Brachicephalic arteries deliver blood where?
37. What part of the brain regulates the cardiac cycle?
38. What vein runs parallel to the carotid artery?
39. What is the aorta and what is its function?
40. What divides the left and right side of the heart?
41. Where do renal arteries deliver blood to?
42. What is the pericardium?
PAK 8-Immune & Lymphatic
1. Define lymph.
2. List the lymphoid organs of the body.
3. Describe the generalized functions of the lymphatic system and list the primary lymphatic structures.
4. Compare the chemical structure of lymph and interstitial fluid.
5. Discuss the formation, distribution, and general body plan of lymphatic drainage through the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
6. Compare the structure of lymphatic vessels and veins.
7. Discuss the specialized function of the lymphatic system in absorption of fats and other nutrients from the small intestine.
8. Discuss the “lymphatic pump” and other lymphokinetic actions that result in central movement, or flow, of lymph.
9. Describe and correlate the structure of lymph nodes with their function as biological filters.
10. Give the location of the major groups, or clusters, of lymph nodes in the body and identify their two primary functions.
11. Describe the location of the tonsils and describe their role in the lymphatic system.
12. Locate the thymus in the body and discuss its gross and microscopic anatomy and functions as a primary central organ of the lymphatic system.
13. Discuss the location, structure, and functions of the spleen.
14. Differentiate between the two major categories of immune mechanisms.
15. Describe species resistance as it relates to the human species.
16. Explain the inflammatory response and phagocytosis as it relates to inflammation.
17. Compare and contrast specific and nonspecific mechanisms of immunity.
18. Discuss the formation of lymphocytes and identify the two major classes of these specialized cells.
19. Compare the chemistry and functional activity of antigens and antibodies.
20. Discuss the development and activation of B cells.
21. Discuss the relationship between chemical structure and functional activity of antibodies or immunoglobulins.
22. List and compare the five classes of immunoglobulins.
23. Discuss the role of complement in the immune system.
24. Briefly discuss the two basic tenets of the clonal selection theory.
25. Describe the development, activation, and functions of T cells.
26. Explain the role of the thymus in cell-mediated immunity.
27. Discuss the origin and function of lymphokines and lymphotoxin.
PAK 9-Respiratory System
1. What is the function of the mucus membrane?
2. Where is the pharynx located?
3. Where are the sinuses located?
4. What is the function of the hyaline cartilage?
5. The site of gas exchange between the air and capillaries of the circulatory system is the _________ (grapes)
6. What is the function of the respiratory system?
7. What is the function of the larynx?
8. What is the function of the epiglottis?
9. The trachea divides into two ________
10. Where are the conchae located? What is their function?
11. Where is the hard and soft palate located?
12. What is the function of the diaphragm?
13. List and briefly discuss the regulated and integrated processes that ensure tissues of an adequate oxygen supply and prompt removal of carbon dioxide.
14. Define pulmonary ventilation and outline the mechanism of normal, quiet inspiration and expiration.
15. Discuss the major factors that determine the volume of oxygen entering lung capillary blood.
16. Explain how blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
17. Discuss gas exchange in tissue capillaries between arterial blood and cells.
18. Discuss the primary factors that influence the respiratory control center and thereby control
PAK 10-Digestive System
1. Where does digestion begin?
2. Trace the path food takes when it enters the alimentary canal at the mouth.
3. What are the two valves of the stomach (and specific locations)?
4. What is the function of the gall bladder?
5. What membrane hangs like a curtain over the organs?
6. What organ is responsible for absorbing nutrients into the blood?
7. Where is undigested material stored before it leaves the body?
8. List the 4 sections (in order) of the large intestine.
9. List the 3 sections (in order) of the small intestine.
10. Bile and pancreatic juices empty into what structure?
11. Where is the cecum located? The appendix?
12. What is chyme?
13. Where is the frenulum located? The uvula?
14. Which teeth are used for biting? For grinding food?
15. Describe the primary mechanisms of the digestive system.
16. Define and compare mechanical and chemical digestion.
17. Discuss the function of mastication.
18. List and explain the three main steps or stages of deglutition.
19. Differentiate between peristalsis and segmentation.
20. Explain the process of emptying the stomach.
21. Define chemical digestion.
22. Define the term enzyme and classify enzymes according to the type of chemical reaction catalyzed.
23. List and discuss important properties of digestive enzymes.
24. Compare and contrast protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion.
25. Discuss the control of salivary, gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal exocrine secretions.
26.
Identify and discuss the absorption of nutrients resulting from the digestive process and the structures into which they are absorbed.
27. Discuss elimination and defecation
PAK 11-Urinary System
1. What two substances are transported through the urethra (and then outside the body?
2. What is incontinence? Why does it occur?
3. What do renal veins connect to?
4. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
5. What tube connects the kidneys to the bladder?
6. What tube is used to transport urine outside the body?
7. List the major organs of the urinary system.
8. Describe the renal blood supply and trace blood flow through the specialized vessels of the kidney.
9. Discuss and compare the structure and the functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
10. Name the parts of a nephron and describe the role of each component in the formation of urine.
11. Discuss how the kidneys form urine and trace urine from its point of formation to the exterior of the body.
12. Discuss filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in relation to the formation of urine by the kidneys.
13. Discuss the countercurrent mechanisms for concentrating or diluting urine.
14. Explain how urine volume is regulated under normal conditions.
15. Describe the physical characteristics of normal
urine.
PAK 12-Reproductive System
1. Explain how the normal functioning of the reproductive system differs from the end result of normal function measured in any other organ system in the body.
2. List and discuss the male functions in reproduction.
3. List the essential and accessory organs of the male reproductive system and give the generalized function of each.
4. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the testes.
5. Discuss the primary functions of testosterone and identify the cell type responsible for its secretion.
6. Describe the structure of a mature spermatozoon.
7. Trace the passage of an individual sperm cell from its point of formation, in sequence, through the genital ducts to the exterior of the body.
8. Describe the structure, location, and function(s) of the following: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands.
9. Identify the components and functions of the male external genitals.
10. Discuss the composition and course of seminal fluid.
11. Discuss male fertility.
12. List the essential and accessory sex organs of the female reproductive system and give the generalized functions of each.
13. Explain the clinical importance of the perineum during childbirth.
14. Describe the structure of the ovaries and explain the steps in development of mature ova from ovarian follicles.
15. Identify the two functions of the ovaries.
16. Discuss the structure of the uterus, including details of its wall layers, size, shape, cavities, blood supply, and ligaments.
17. Locate the uterus in the pelvic cavity and compare its position with the abnormal position of retroflexion.
18. Identify the functions of the uterus.
19. Discuss the location, structure, divisions, and functions of the uterine tubes.
20. Discuss the location, structure, and primary functions of the vagina.
21. Identify the structures that together constitute the female external genitals.
22. Identify the phases of the endometrial, or menstrual, cycle.
23. Explain the hormonal control of cyclical changes that occur in the ovaries and uterus.
24. Discuss the importance of the female reproductive cycles.
25. Compare and contrast menarche and menopause.
26. Describe the structure of the breasts and the mechanism controlling lactation.
27. Explain the meaning of developmental biology.
28. Describe the process of meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.
29. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
30. Outline the steps involved in fertilization and implantation.
31. Describe the early stages in the development of the human embryo.
32. Identify the developmental and structural features of the placenta.
33. Outline the developmental changes that occur during the first trimester of pregnancy.
34. Identify the different types of stem cells.
35. Explain the meanings of histogenesis and organogenesis.
36. Identify and describe the stages of labor.
37. Explain two different processes that can result in twinning, or double birth.
38. Give a brief description of the four most common postnatal periods, including the major growth and developmental changes.
39. Describe, by system, the effects of aging.
THERE WILL BE NO INFORMATION ON THE FINAL FOR THE MINK.
REMEMBER…..THIS IS A SUMMARY OF THE INFORMATION THAT COULD BE COVERED ON YOUR EXAM! BE SURE TO LOOK AT THE SEMINARS AS WELL AS YOUR HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS FROM THE PAKS SHOWN!