disadvantages of price wars for different social groups By Nelson Rodriguez Price war is a situation in which rivals companies try to increase the number of consumers by attracting those who are buying from other companies through price lowering (This is common for commodity products that are so similar that price reduction may look as the only alternative to gain more customers).After each reduction there is a period of stability in which all afferents have the same price‚ but this equilibrium
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CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. I History of the Formation and Operations of the Ghana Stock Exchange The financial crises that the Ghanaian economy experienced by extending the banking sector in the early 1980’s made policymakers and the private sector to look for complementary sources of long-term capital so as to reduce the dominance that existed in the banking system. The government of Ghana in collaboration with the World
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Prices & Markets Lecture 1: Demand & Supply © Martin Byford 2012 Definition: Economics /iːkəәˈnɒmɪks‚ ɛk-/ noun The social science that analyses the production‚ distribution and consumption of goods and services given unlimited wants and scarce resources. ORIGIN late 16th cent. (denoting the science of household management): from ta oikonomika‚ the name of a treatise by Aristotle (or his student Theophrastus). Definition: Microeconomics /ˌmʌɪkrəәʊ-/ noun That part of economics concerned
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1. Compute the price elasticity of demand between these two points. Let quantity demanded = Q‚ Q1= 400 meals/day‚ and Q2= 450 meals/day Let price = P‚ P1= $20‚ and P2= $18 The change in quantity demanded = Q2-Q1 = 450-400= 50 The change in price = P2-P1= $18-$20= -2 The average in demand = (Q2+Q1)/2= (450+400)/2= 850/2=425 The average in price = (P2+P1)/2 = (18+20)/2 =38/2= 19 The percentage change in quantity demand = change in quantity demanded/the average in quantity demand =50/425 = 0.1174 =
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1 The Stock Market in India: Its Growth and Prospects. by Subid Chakraborty St. Xavier’s College‚ Kolkata (Autonomous) Email: subid_06@yahoo.co.in Rachit Agarwal St. Xavier’s College‚ Kolkata (Autonomous) Email: rachit_agarwal4u@yahoo.co.in Hemangi Desai St. Xavier’s College‚ Kolkata (Autonomous) Email: hemangi221@gmail.com Nilesh Agarwal St. Xavier’s College‚ Kolkata (Autonomous) Email: nilesh_airan@hotmail.com Acknowledgement: We are grateful to the faculty of the Department of Economics‚ St
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PART ONE A. Introduction Capital market is the most important part of national economy of Bangladesh. A well-managed and active capital market may help the development processes in many ways such as growth of savings‚ ensuring efficient allocation of investment resources and better utilization of existing resources. There is a considerable debate in the academic literature on development as to whether a soundly functioning capital market is precondition for economic development or the former
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1. You have a cash obligation of $132‚240 to be made at the end of year 5. Show how you can use coupon bonds with a coupon rate of 8%‚ a face value of $1‚000‚ a maturity date at the end of year 6‚ and a yield to maturity of 8% to ensure that you can meet your cash obligation at the end of year 5. Suppose that you purchase the bonds at the beginning of year 1 and that the market interest rate changes only once right after you have purchased the bonds. There are three possible interest rates‚ 7.9%
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Valuation of Common Stock Ashok Banerjee Common (Equity) Stocks • Because common stock never matures‚ today’s value is the present value of an infinite stream of cash flows (i.e.‚ dividend). • But dividends are not fixed. • Not knowing the amount of the dividends—or even if there will be future dividends— makes it difficult to determine the value of common stock. • So what are we to do? Valuation Models • Dividend Valuation Model (DVM): – Constant dividend: Let D be the constant DPS: The required
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Price/Earnings Ratio Model (P/E) The P/E looks at the relationship between the stock price and the company’s earnings. The P/E is the most popular metric of stock analysis. A valuation ratio of a company’s current share price compared to its per-share earnings. For example‚ if a company is currently trading at $60 a share and earnings over the last 12 months were $2 per share‚ the P/E ratio for the stock would be 30 ($60/$2). The earnings multiplier can be computed as follows: P/E Ratio = Current
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VALUE Vs PRICE There are four major attributes of a commodity i.e.‚ an item or service produced for‚ and sold on the market has four major attributes. They are: • a value • a use‐value (or utility) • an exchange value • a price (it could be an actual selling price or an imputed ideal price) VALUE In simple words‚ value refers to the importance of a thing or utility of a commodity. But in economics the term “value” has a quite different meaning. According to the famous economist
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