characterized by the expression of muscle-specific proteins. The results showed that that myosin light chain was not present. It was concluded that the cells were not differentiated enough to begin with‚ the amount of cells used was not sufficient and the differentiation media did not have a neutral pH at the time of harvest. Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to differentiate C2C12 cells into muscle cells and tests for presence of muscle protein specifics. The hypothesis was that proliferating
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• M protein: Streptococcus pyogenes • Form biofilms How bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense • • • • • • Capsules Cell wall components Enzymes Antigenic variation Penetration into the host cell cytoskeleton; invasin Intracellular growth Capsules • Prevent phagocytosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Bacillus anthracis Cell Wall Components • M protein resists phagocytosis and improves adherence Streptococcus pyogenes • Fimbriae & Opa protein attachment
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University of Wisconsin-Madison may have discovered a link between zinc deficiency and protein clumping‚ in an experiment using a yeast solution‚ suggesting that it may be potential factors for disease like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s‚ if duplicated in humans. Questions or Relationship Shape is vital to proteins. When the correct shape is formed and present‚ cells behave as they indispensable should. When proteins lose their shape‚ they clump together. Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s share these clumping
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Nehru University‚ New Delhi‚ India‚ 2 School of Information Technology‚ Jawaharlal Nehru University‚ New Delhi‚ India Abstract CaMdr1p is a multidrug MFS transporter of pathogenic Candida albicans. An over-expression of the gene encoding this protein is linked to clinically encountered azole resistance. In-depth knowledge of the structure and function of CaMdr1p is necessary for an effective design of modulators or inhibitors of this efflux transporter. Towards this goal‚ in this study‚ we have
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both of these processes goes awry. Many different molecules control the cell cycle; Porto-oncogenes:Any gene whose proteins tends to promote mitotic cell division if called a proton-oncogene. The genes for growth factors‚ grow factor receptors‚ and some cyclins and Cdks are proton-oncogenes. In most cases‚ progress through the cell cycle beings when a growth-stimulating protein such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to a receptor on the surface of a cell. This stimulates the synthesis of cyclins
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dependent and ρ- independent. ρ – Independent termination (also known as intrinsic termination) does not use ρ factor protein to carry out termination. Sequencing of the entire E. coli genome has shown that most operons have Rho-independent termination sites. A hairpin loop forms from a palindrome
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and tetracycline (T). The mode of action of Chloramphenicol is the inhibition of protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol irreversibly binds to a receptor sit on the 50S subunit of the ribosome on the bacteria that inhibits the enzyme peptidyl transferase. This inhibition results to the prevention of the transfer of amino acid for growing peptide chains which leads to the inhibition of the formation of bacterial protein. (Michigan State University‚ 2011). Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
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filaments within these structures are cross-linked by accessory proteins known as actin binding proteins. These proteins connect two actin filaments through its two actin-binding sites or dimerization with actin domains. Crosslinking actin filaments can be performed by fimbrin proteins that attach filaments in a parallel fashion to facilitate movement. Thus‚ they are localized in microvilli‚ filopodia‚ and focal adhesions. Other proteins including α actinin and spectrin connect actin filaments in an
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has the instructions for making proteins Part of the nucleus | function | Chromatin | * The chromatin consists of DNA and proteins. * Some of these proteins controls the activities of the cell * When cells divide‚ chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes * The chromatin shows up as dark patches when it is stained. | Nucleolus | * The nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes-these pass into the cytoplasm and proteins are assembled on them (protein synthesis) * The nucleus is a dense
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assisted by an enzyme called primase (Weaver‚ 2005). Primase is a short strand of RNA that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase III also can only synthesize a new DNA strand in 5’ to 3’ direction. Helicase Is a molecular motor protein that opens up or unzips a strand of DNA‚ creating the replication fork. This now allows the replication process to take place. DNA polymerase I Its function during replication is to remove any RNA primer left in the lagging strand and replace the
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