-1A2 CHEMISTRY MODULE 4 definitions (aqa) Rate of Reaction The rate of change of concentration with time (mathematically d[X]/dt). Units are mol.dm-3.s-1 (moles per cubic decimetre per second) Initial Rate This is the rate at the very beginning of the reaction when all the starting concentrations are known exactly. Rate Equation Rate Expression A mathematical expression which relates the rate to the concentrations of substances involved in the reaction Rate Constant‚ k This is the multiplying
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hydrogens. These hydrogens are split into protons and electrons. The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the bilayer of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial cristae‚ releasing energy at each one. This energy is used to pump the protons through the carriers into the intermembrane space‚ creating a gradient. Due to this gradient‚ the protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix by ATP Synthase in the inner membrane. This movement of protons allows 28 ADP and 28
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Ligands act as Lewis bases by electron pair donation to form the metal-ligand bond. Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory reminders (essentially a sub-set of Lewis Theory) A base is a proton acceptor. This is via an electron lone pair on the base (a Lewis base is a lone pair donor). e.g. NH3‚ HCO3-‚ OH- etc. An acid is proton donor. This involves a heterolytic breakage of an X-H bond (a Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor). e.g. HCl‚ HCO3-‚ H2SO4‚ CH3COOH etc. • Many hexa-aqa complex ions
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Evolution is a central‚ unifying theme in biology because the enormously diverse forms of life on Earth have all been shaped by it An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons is called an ion. This produces a charged atom‚ or ion. An ion is an atom with a number of electrons that is different than the number of protons. The naturally occurring helium atom is chemically inert because: its outermost shell is filled with electrons. A chemical element is uniquely identified
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of radiology. After completing High School‚ Chadwick attended Manchester University in 1908‚ and later graduated from the Honours School of Physics in 1911 and spent the next two years under Professor Rutherford whom he helped in the creation of ‘proton-electron
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1. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway through which glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized to pyruvate (CH3COCOO−). It takes place in the cytosol of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. During the first steps of glycolysis‚ 2ATP molecules are used to attach two phosphates to the glucose molecule‚ leaving a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate and 2 ADP molecules. Afterwards‚ the 6-carbon sugar diphosphate is split into two 3-carbon sugars by the enzyme Isomerase. The two 3-carbon sugar molecules then both undergo
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two or more water-soluble ionic compounds react in aqueous solution to form one or more insoluble precipitates. a precipitate is a solid that separates from a solution a species that donates a proton - acid a species that accepts a proton - base hydronium ion - formula is H30+ ‚ hydrated proton‚ H+ commonly used to represent it‚ formula H+(aq) can be used to represent the ion because its acidic properties are unaffected by the degree of hydration when a strong acid reacts with a strong
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biology. Elements‚ Atoms‚ and Compounds 2.1 Define matter‚ an element‚ a compound‚ and a trace element. 2.2 Explain how and why iodine‚ fluoride‚ and iron are added to the human diet. 2.3 Distinguish between the size‚ location‚ and properties of protons‚ electrons‚ and neutrons. 2.3 Define the atomic number and mass number of an atom. 2.3 Define an isotope and explain what makes some isotopes radioactive. 2.4 Describe the uses and dangers of radioactive isotopes. Chemical Bonds 2.5 Explain
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mass of an atom? The atomic number‚ the number of neutrons and add the numbers together. This is the atomic mass. 2. What information would you need to determine the atomic number of an atom? The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. 3. Chlorine (Cl) has 17 electrons‚ 17 protons‚ and 18 neutrons what is the atomic mass of Cl? 34 4. What is the charge of the above Cl atom? Neutral If it gains one electron and now has 18 electrons what will the charge be? Negative 5. pH measures
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chain‚ the high energy electrons in these NADHs and FADH2s will act as a pump “along a chain of channel proteins across the inner membrane of the mitochondria”.1 The proteins exchange the electrons to transfer hydrogen protons outside the mitochondria. However‚ due to the high proton concentration outside the mitochondria‚ they will return to the inner membrane through ATP
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