Cyclic ( Open chain) Alicyclic Aromatic Alkanes Alkenes Alkyne Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes Alkanes:- Paraffins General formula CnH2n+2 sp3 hybridisation C–C bond length 1.15 4 A0 Chemically unreactive Show chain‚ position and optical isomerism. Heptane has 9 isomer‚ Octane 18 and Decane 75. Nomenclature: 164 Preparation:- Wurtz reaction:- Follow mainly free radical mechanism Useful in preparing an alkane containing even number of carbon atoms Stepping
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Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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Chemistry Issues Investigation Issues Question: “Should the chlorination of water be banned in Australia?" Introduction Chlorine is a halogen abundant in the natural environment‚ typically found in the form of ionic chloride compounds. Once isolated into its elemental form‚ chlorine has a high oxidising potential‚ resulting in its use as a water disinfectant globally. Although water chlorination has significantly improved public health‚ recent studies suggest a correlation between the consumption
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Comparing alkanes and alkenes Aim: Is cyclohexane more or less reactive than cyclohexene in the presence or absence of light Hypothesis The cyclohexene will reactive the fastest because being an "ene" it has a electron rich area making it more reactive than cyclohexane but neither one of the will react without light Materials * 4x 250ml conical flasks * 2 rubber stoppers * Aluminium foil * Cyclohexane * Cyclohexene * Bromide water * Measuring cylinder
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Experiment #2: Stereochemistry of Alkenes and Molecular Modeling By: Nouhad Mokdad Section: 53 TA’s: Sheida and Ryan Mills Lab Partner: David Wilson Date of Experiment: October 7th‚ 2008 Purpose: The purpose is to study the difference between the stereochemistry of the two isomers‚ maleic and fumaric acid. The first part of the experiment called for the conversion of maleic acid into fumaric acid with the addition of a proton using the acid-catalyzed isomerisation‚ vacuum filtration‚
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Experiment: Comparing reactivities of alkanes and alkenes Aim: To compare the reactivities of an alkane and an alkene with bromine water and a solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Equipment: • 4 test tubes • Test-tube rack • 4 pipettes Safety: safety glasses must be worn to prevent injury to the eyes. Ensure room is well ventilated whilst using the hydro carbons. Method: 1. Place 1 ml of sample A (cyclohexane) into a test tube containing 4 mls of the bromine water solution. Record
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| | Alkanes: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons (this means that there are NO double bonds in the molecule). They contain Hydrogen and Carbon atoms only. There are an immense number of possibilities. The simplest being methane with just ONE atom of Carbon.You should be able to see ONE atom of Carbon and FOUR atoms of Hydrogen. In ethane there are TWO atoms of Carbon and SIX atoms of Hydrogen. In propane there are THREE atoms of Carbon and EIGHT atoms of Hydrogen. In butane there are FOUR atoms
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Ans: A Chapter 11 Topic: Radicals Section: 11.1 Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following is the most stable radical? A) B) C) D) E) Ans: B Chapter 11 Topic: Radicals Section: 11.1 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In the molecule shown below‚ determine which of the labeled bonds is expected to have the lowest bond dissociation energy. H A H H H H C C C H H C H B Ans: C Chapter 11 Topic: Radicals Section: 11.1 Difficulty Level:
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Straight Chain Alkanes The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2 wheren is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. There are two ways of writing a condensed structural formula. For example‚ butane may be written as CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3. Rules for Naming Alkanes * The parent name of the molecule is determined by the number of carbons in the longest chain. * In the case where two chains have the same number of carbons‚ the parent is the chain with the most substituents.
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people’s war‚ waged by common colonists with the courage and the zeal to rise up against the more heavily armed and better trained British royal army‚ promoting a radical notion of equality. However‚ the extent to which the American revolution can be deemed “radical” is debatable because in the aftermath of the revolution‚ benefits of this radical notion of equality was exclusive to white males‚ demonstrated by the continual oppression of black slaves in the South‚
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