effectively is now seen as a major goal of language teachers‚ both those teaching ESL (English as a Second Language) and second-language learning in general. The differences in norms of interaction between cultures‚ as explored in Hymes’ work on the ethnography of speaking (1962)‚ have since been highlighted through further sociolinguistic work. Such work includes an investigation into the formal instruction of the speech acts of giving and responding to compliments (Ishihara‚ 2004) and an examination
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and in which the role of the researcher would not affect the normal behavior of the subjects. Ethnography research requires: - much training‚ skill and dedication - a great store on the collection and interpretation of data - question and hypothesis emerge during the course of investigation‚ rather than beforehand CONTRASTING PSYCHOMETRY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES Psychometry Ethnography Formulating a research problem Identifies causal relationships among variables by
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the class systems in this city‚ as skyscrapers overshadow the decrepit and numerous tin-roof shanties. Leggette started his ethnography when he got hired as a “consultant” for a transnational corporate office. According to him‚ “The ethics of ethnography are deeply enmeshed in an ideology of providing a voice for the world’s most marginal populations”(78) Leggette’s ethnography became compromised the second he was hired by this corporation. The corporate setting conflicted with the anthropological
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Theories from the late 19th to 20th century has shaped modern day anthropology. Two leading anthropologists that have changed the way one interprets culture and people is Bronislaw Malinowski and Clifford Geertz‚ respectively. Both established their own theories and interpretations in anthropology that has been used and criticized. According to “A History of Anthropology” by Thomas Eriksen and Finn Nielsen‚ Malinowski was one of the four founding fathers of twentieth century anthropology‚ influencing
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have been a key site of anthropological study for over a century. Trobrianders were first made famous by Bronislaw Malinowski in the early twentieth century‚ and were studied further by anthropologists such as Annette Weiner. Katherine Lepani’s ethnography‚ Islands of Love‚ Islands of Risk: Culture and HIV in the Trobriands‚ provides a modern analysis of HIV in the cultural context of the Trobriand Islands. Lepani sought to display HIV in the Trobriands as both a physical illness and a symbolic epidemic
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ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Ethnographic research: Overview Ethnography studies cultures‚ subcultures through close observation and interpretation. In the process of ethnographic research‚ the phenomenon is being observed by direct involvement of the researcher‚ finding ways and methods to take part in people ’s lives in order to be close to the cultural context. In this sense‚ ethnographic research has collaborative nature because the project would not be possible to realize without the targeted members
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directly influenced the choice of methodology‚ which was applied by Russell. In this case‚ ethnography matches all the criteria for the research‚ because this method is meant to let researcher obtain more deep information from the researched and achieve “thick description” (Geertz‚ 1973; Cassel and Symon‚ 2004). However‚ this fact was doubted in the paper of Bate (1997)‚ where he described modern ethnography methodology as “quick description” and argues that it lacks of time observation. Moreover
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Objectivity and Fieldwork Researchers throughout the world most often conduct practical work in a all natural environment outside their laboratory or office in order to experience in firsthand what it is to live outside the society they have been exposed to all their lives‚ and integrate into another civilization that imposes cultural traditions and policies that the researcher may have never been imposed to in the past. These types of works or studies that ethnographers conduct are called fieldworks;
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Book Review: Tom Boellstorff Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human Boellstorff questioned whether it was possible for a virtual world to be subject to the same ethnographic techniques and analyses as locations and communities are in the real world. As a leading ethnographer studying gay and transgendered cultures in Indonesia‚ Boellstorff brings a significant amount of experience and expertise to this field of work. He proposed the question – was it possible
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In 1974‚ Nancy Scheper-Hughes traveled to a village in rural Ireland which she later nicknamed “Ballybran” (Scheper-Hughes 2000-128)). Her findings there led her to publish Saints‚ Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland in 1979‚ in which she attempted to explain the social causes of Ireland’s surprisingly high rates of schizophrenia (Scheper-Hughes 2000:128). Saints was met with a backlash of criticism from both the anthropological community and the villagers who had served
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