Descartes doubted all his previous knowledge from his senses‚ while Montaigne doubted that there were any absolute certainties in knowledge. Although they both began their philosophical processes by doubting‚ Montaigne doubting a constant static self‚ and Descartes doubted that anything existed at all‚ Descartes was able to move past that doubt to find one indubitably certainty‚ "I think‚ therefore I am". How often do we question what is real or true? Descartes believed that doubting everything
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Has Stephen J’s ‘international concern’ test from Koowarta v Bjelke – Petersen[1] been effectively rejected following the decision of XYZ v Commonwealth[2]? What practical role‚ if any‚ could the test play in future cases? By Paul McKay (87/100 – High Distinction) Abstract During the 1980’s some High Court judges suggested that the external affairs power[3] includes a power to legislate on matters of ‘international concern’. This paper will trace the development of the ‘international
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In order to answer the first part of the question‚ the term “certain” needs to be defined. It is important to note that there could be a number of different ways of defining certainty. For example‚ the definitions “perfect knowledge that has total security from error” and “a mental state of being without doubt” are very different from one another. One implies more room for error than the other. Two very specific different messages are conveyed when one says “I am certain” versus “it is certain.”
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monarch‚ Elizabeth II‚ has reigned since 6 February 1952. She and her immediate family undertake various official‚ ceremonial and representational duties. As a constitutional monarch‚ the Queen is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours. Though the ultimate executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch’s royal prerogative‚ in practice these powers are only used according to laws enacted in Parliament or within the constraints of
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HOW RELEVANT TO THE MODERN AGE ARE THE BRITISH MONARCHY’S CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS? The British monarchy has always played an important role throughout history. It has managed to create such wealth and power such as the Golden Age of Elizabeth I. Within her 45 year reign she established the Church of England and saw voyages of discovery which lead to the accumulation of riches beyond its borders. The monarchy has also gone through various changes to throughout its realm such as the declaration
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summation of the conflicts and juxtapositions Shakespeare makes between morals‚ ethics and philosophies; many ideas of which are introduced and foreshadowed in I i of Titus Andronicus. Shakespeare presents us with characters so set in their own views of honour‚ justice and piety‚ that it may seem there is a clear line between what is right and wrong and just‚ however‚ he systematically proceeds to blur that line through the insistence and attachment each character has to their own moral code. This brings
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other great warrior Kings eg. Henry V. 2. Pursue rivalry with France. Claim to title of King of France. Nobility and soldiers keen to fight in France. Threat of close relations and possible alliances between France and Scotland. 3. Honour and Glory. Warfare was the way Kings achieved this. David Potter is quite sceptical about such high flown ambitions but other historians believe that this objective underpinned Henry’s character. Driving factor was rivalry with Francis I and Charles
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The basic principles guide the government in designing a tax system and the procedural principles facilitate the implementation of those objectives. Adam Smith published in the “Wealth of Nations” four canons for an efficient tax system: equality‚ certainty (basic principles)‚ convenience of payment and low cost of collection (procedural principles). Even though Adam Smith formulated these canons in the 18th century‚ they are still relevant and they informed my own framework. However‚ the way that they
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non-programmed decisions‚ in general? • Programmed which makes us more efficient 5. What is decision-making under conditions of CERTAINTY? • Managers know all available alternatives & the outcomes associated with each • 100% probability (certain) • Least common 6. What is decision-making under conditions of RISK? • Lack of certainty regarding outcomes of various alternatives‚ but an awareness of probabilities associated with their occurrence • Alternatives
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thee‚ and when I love thee not‚ Chaos is come again". Othello seems far more comfortable expressing his love for Desdemona when she is absent. Perhaps this is because her presence makes him conscious of her claim upon him and of his obligation to honour her requests‚ or perhaps this is because he is more in love with some idea or image of Desdemona than he is with Desdemona herself. The lines just quoted indicate how much his image of her means to him: if he stops loving her‚ the entire universe
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