homogeneity across cultures. The theory of relative face orientation We have discussed that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) face-saving politeness theory has been undermined for its inability to be applied universally. In surveying recent studies in cross-cultural communication‚ Mao (1994) mentions Janney and Arndt (1993)‚ who characterise it as idealistic‚ culturally biased‚ and lacking objective empirical evidence for the evaluation of their politeness universals. Instead of a theory centered on universals
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that a qualified leader should know how to motivate people and deal with problems in the most effective way. Moreover‚ managers have to set objectives for companies in order to check whether the labours are working in a right direction and tasks are doing properly. However‚ not the same as before‚ business and situations are changing all the time. Facing a more complicated condition and people with different backgrounds‚ I believe that different leadership styles should be adopted to meet different
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Explain Natural Law theory In this essay‚ I will discuss the theories behind Natural Law‚ as well as the qualities it is seen to possess. I will explain Aquinas’ concepts and theory on Natural Law‚ discussing eudaimonia and the doctrine of the double effect. Finally‚ I will reflect on some of the positive and negative aspects‚ in summarising Natural Law theory. It is important to highlight that Natural Laws differ from acts which occur naturally. There are many aspects to Natural Law‚ the first
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Abstract Leadership refers to one’s ability to effectively influence subordinates to achieve the goals of their organization. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the foundations‚ methods and thought processes that define the main theories and how leaders use the key model components to achieve desired outcomes. This paper will thoroughly describe these theories in detail and list numerous advantages and disadvantages of each. Though seemingly dissimilar on the surface‚ each leadership theory presented
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The theory of planned behavior’s (TPB) goal is to explain human behavior by linking beliefs and behavior (Ajzen‚ 1991). It is an extension of the theory of reasoned action /c‚ as the theory of reasoned action failed to predict behavior‚ in which people did not have complete control over their decision. The central factor of the TPB is the intention. Intention describes the step between being motivated for something and doing something. Intention has been proven to be a good indicator of actual behavior
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Theory X and Theory Y After World War II there were several studies performed that ultimately revealed how assumptions about workers’ attitudes and behaviors affect managers’ behavior. In the 1960s one of the most influential approaches was created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School Of Management. He proposed two sets of assumptions about how work attitudes and behaviors not only dominate the way mangers think but also affect how they behave in organizations. He named these
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A: Explain Kant’s theory of ethics Kant was born in 1724-1804‚ he was a German thinker from East Prussia (now Russia)‚ and he spent his whole life in his hometown. Kant wanted to create a logical‚ stand-alone theory that wasn’t just based on assumptions‚ he believed in an objective right or wrong that is decided on reason and that we shouldn’t do the right thing just because it’s right and not to fulfil our desires. Can we lead a life following his ideals are there not some situations where a perfect
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characteristics and styles of leadership the emphasis of the style approach is the focus on the actions and behavioral characteristics of the leader. There are two behaviors of the style approach that researchers have observed: task behaviors and relationship behaviors (Northouse‚ 2007). People who are in roles of leadership should possess both behaviors to be successful in their position and maintain motivation and the quest for achievement in their subordinates. Task behaviors are those traits that keep
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1. What is a scientific theory? Please cite a definition you like. As Watson stated in "The Value of Theories"‚ a scientific theory is a systematic explanation that unifies various observed phenomena and facts. Based on observations we make‚ science operates under theories which are constantly revised and checked by experiment. A scientific theory also possesses many vital qualities for true understanding. 2. What is the difference between a scientific theory and common sense ideas about the same
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2-28-2012 Explaining Guidance Theories: Developmental‚ Behavioral‚ Constructivist. Question: Explain Constructivist theory of guidance. ____________________________________________________________________________ Constructivism is rooted from philosophy just like sociology‚ ethnography and cognitive psychology. Already in the eighteenth century‚ the German philosopher Kant believed that a child’s learning was an interaction between the developing child and the environment. He believed
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