GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU STANDARD NINE TERM I VOLUME 3 SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE NOT FOR SALE Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime A Publication Under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamilnadu Department of School Education © Government of Tamilnadu First Edition - 2013 (Published under Uniform System of School Education Scheme in Trimester Pattern) Textbook Prepared and Compiled by State Council of Educational Research and Training College Road‚ Chennai - 600
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substance derived by boiling[1] a polysaccharide in red algae‚ where it accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte and serves as the primary structural support for the algae’s cell walls.[2][3] Agar is a mixture of two components: the linear polysaccharide agarose‚ and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called agaropectin. Throughout history into modern times‚ agar has been chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia and also as a solid substrate to contain culture medium
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Chapter 1 The Chemical World Chemistry a science that studies matter – its properties and changes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. Scientific Method Observation of nature → Hypothesis (possible explanation) → Experiments to confirm or revise hypothesis Many observations lead to scientific law – a statement of the relationship between different parts of nature. Ex: law of conservation of mass- “ matter is neither created or destroyed”
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Science and Nanotechnology M UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology SN ADEM YILDIRIM 53 2 C ou rs e M NANOCATALYSTS at er ia ls Outline Catalysis • Types of Catalysts • Examples of Heterogeneous Catalysis Nanocatalysis • Preparation • Size Effects • Shape Effect • Support Materials Some Recent Advances • Nanocatalyst Preparation • Silica Supports • Carbon Supports M SN 53 2 C ou rs e M at er ia ls
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A mixture is a combination of two or more substances‚ where these substances are not bonded (or joined) to each other and no chemical reaction o A heterogeneous mixture is one that consists of two or more substances. It is non-uniform and the different components of the mixture can be seen.ccurs between the substances. A heterogeneous mixture does not have a definite composition. Cereal in milk is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. Soil is another example. Soil has pebbles‚ plant matter and
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Coupling of aryl chlorides with aryl boronic acids (Myung-Jong Jin and Dong-Hwan Lee‚ 2010) Suzuki coupling reaction is an example of heterogeneous catalysis. The advantage of heterogeneous catalytic systems is that they can be considerably re-used whilst keeping the inherent activity of the catalytic centre. Aryl bromides and iodides are widely employed in heterogeneous coupling reactions. But from a practical point of view‚ the use of aryl chlorides is highly preferable because they are readily available
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catalyst on the surface of the calcined hydrotalcite‚ reducing the screening phenomenon‚ achieving HSC-TiO2 degradation up to (21.0%) at 8 w. The reuse of both compounds indicated the synergy between HCC and HSC with TiO2‚ since in four successive separation cycles there was little reduction of activity associated primarily with the loss of material
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consideration‚ study or observation. Example: In an ice water mixture ice is the solid phase and water is the liquid phase. The system is the ice and water together. 6 Homogeneous System and Heterogeneous System Homogeneous 7 Heterogeneous Homogeneous System and Heterogeneous System Homogeneous System – Matter that is uniform in appearance and with uniform properties throughout. Examples: ice‚ soda‚ solid gold‚ metal alloy Heterogeneous System – Matter with two or more physically distinct phases
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matter is neither created or destroyed and it is only rearranged 2. In chemical reactions‚ the molecules stay the same‚ they are just rearranged to form a different substance Mixtures and Substances 1. A pure substance is a substance that consists of only one component and has a definite composition 2. A mixture is two substances that are mixed but not combined chemically 3. A pure substance has only one
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hydrocarbon compounds. The important intermediates discussed here are hydrogen‚ sulfur‚ carbon black‚ and synthesis gas. Synthesis gas consists of a nonhydrocarbon mixture (H2‚CO) obtain- able from more than one source. It is included in this chapter and is fur- ther noted in Chapter 5 in relation to methane as a major feedstock for this mixture. This chapter discusses the use of synthesis gas obtained from coal gasification and from different petroleum sources for produc- ing gaseous as well as liquid
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