A social identity is an element of a person’s self-concept‚ which is a derivative of a supposed membership in a certain significant social group. The social identity theory‚ as at first put together by John Turner and Henri Tajfel in the 70s and 80s‚ was able to introduce the idea of a social identity as a means in which to give an explanation about inter-group behavior (Kolak & Martin‚ 1991). The social identity theory can best be described as a speculation‚ which is able to predict specific inter-group
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Cognitive Theories of Social Phobia: Causation‚ Maintenance‚ and Treatment University Of Newcastle Social Phobia‚ also know as Social Anxiety Disorder‚ affects between 7 -13% of individuals in western society (Furmark‚ 2002). It usually presents during adolescences and is typically chronic and lifelong (Veale‚ 2003). Two theories have been commonly used to explain the development and maintenance of the phobia: learning theory and cognitive theory. Both theories alone
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Chapter 8: Reward Management I. DEFINITIONS Wages • A wage is the payment made to manual workers and is usually expressed as a rate per hour. • In Hong Kong‚ “wage’‚ nowadays known as “Relevant Income”‚ includes all remuneration‚ allowances‚ tips‚ overtime pay‚ hardship‚ per-diem allowance‚ etc. capable of being expressed in terms of money‚ payable to an employee in respect of work done. Salaries • A salary is a fixed periodical payment to a non-manual employee.
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Midterm Essay November 15‚ 2012 "Alfie Kohn‚ author of Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars‚ Incentive Plans‚ A’s‚ Praise‚ and Other Bribes (1993)‚ contends that rewards and punishments are “two sides of the same coin” (p. 50). Although rewards are certainly more pleasurable‚ they are “every bit as controlling as punishments‚ even if they control by seduction” (p. 51). According to Kohn‚ if we want youngsters to become self-regulating‚ responsible‚ caring individuals‚ we must abandon
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sociological theories that can be used to explain prostitution in modern society. Two such theories are functionalism and symbolic interaction. Many people feel that prostitution may be an immoral act however‚ from a functionalist perspective there are social needs that are being filled through prostitution. Both social actors are gaining through the engagement of prostitution. Another sociological perspective; symbolic interactionism; focuses on the interaction that occurs between social actors.
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Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory (SCT)‚ is defined as a cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning in determining of behavior. SCT is a stem from the social learning theory (SLT)‚ with a back round dating back to the late 1800’s.2 Bandura presented the SCT with his book: Social Foundation of thought and action: A social Cognitive Theory.2 SCT has shown children acquire much information through observational learning. Bandura focuses on: Observational Learning
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THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY The theory is as old as philosophy itself. It is of the view that persons’ moral and/ or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. The theory of a social contract is therefore a hypothesis explaining how society originates as well as the presumed relationships between its members‚ how they incur responsibilities and their rights. Early proponents of the social contract theory include; - Socrates
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SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY Introduction Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources (the wealthy vs. the poor) and that the more powerful groups use their power in order to exploit groups with less power. The two methods by which this exploitation is done are through brute force usually done by police and the army and economics. Earlier social conflict
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Introduction Reward Management (RM) has been defined as the distribution of monetary and non-monetary rewards to employees in an effort to align the interests of the employees‚ the organisation‚ and its shareholders (O ’Neil‚ 1998). In addition O ’Neil (1998) also suggests that a RM system can serve the purpose of attracting prospective job applicants‚ retaining valuable employees‚ motivating employees‚ ensuring legal requirements relating to direct and indirect rewards are not violated‚ assisting
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Social Care Theory for Practice DH3K 34 Tutor’s Support Pack Angus College Dundee College John Wheatley College North Glasgow College May 2006 © COLEG Social Care Theory for Practice Tutor’s Support Pack First published November 2005 © Colleges Open Learning Exchange Group (COLEG) – Material developed by Angus College‚ Dundee College‚ John Wheatley College and North Glasgow College. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written consent of COLEG‚ except
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