The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane‚ and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins The structure of the membrane covering the outside of every cell of the body is discussed in Chapter 2 and illustrated in Figures 2–3 and 4–2.This membrane consists almost entirely of a lipid bilayer‚ but it also contains large numbers of protein molecules in the lipid‚ many of which penetrate all the way through the membrane‚ as shown in Figure 4–2. The lipid bilayer is not miscible with either the extracellular
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unique. Consider the element sodium. It is a soft‚ silvery metal. It reacts violently with water‚ giving off hydrogen gas and enough heat to make the hydrogen explode. Nasty ‘stuff’. Also consider chlorine‚ a green gas when at room temperature. It is very caustic and choking‚ and is nasty enough that it was used as a horrible chemical gas weapon in the last century. So what kind of horrible mess is produced when sodium and chlorine are combined? Nothing more than sodium chloride‚ common table salt
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Title: Reaction of Iodoethane with Sodium Saccharin- Ambient Nucleophile Dates Performed: February 21 + 28‚ 2013 Date Submitted: March 14‚ 2013 Abstract: The product ratio of N-ethylsaccharin to O-ethylsaccharin that occurred due to alkylation with iodoethane at 80 oC was determined to be 81.5% to 18.5%‚ respectively‚ based on an analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum that was collected. The melting point range of 87.8-94.7 oC also indicated that the mixture was largely composed of N-ethylsaccharin
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Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology Worksheet Assignment Due: Week 6 Electrical Stimulation Activity 1: Direct Heart Stimulation 1. Did you see any change in the trace? I did not see a change in the trace 2. Why or why not? This is because it needs more stimulation 3. Did you see any change in the trace? I did see a change in the trace 4. Why or why not? This is because there is double stimulation. 5. Describe the change you see in the trace. How does it differ from the baseline
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Aquaporin Water Channels Peter Agre Roderick MacKinnon All living matter is made up of cells. A single human being has as many as the stars in a galaxy‚ about one hundred thousand million. The various cells – e.g. muscle cells‚ kidney cells and nerve cells – act together in an intricate system in each one of us. Through pioneering discoveries concerning the water and ion channels of cells‚ this year’s Nobel Laureates Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon‚ have contributed to fundamental chemical
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generation of action potential on the axon. When the stimulation in form of graded potential is larger than the threshold of the membrane potential‚ the voltage-gated sodium channels open up. The opening of sodium channel makes the plasma membrane more permeable to sodium ions. Due to the difference in electrochemical gradient‚ sodium ions from the outside enter the cytoplasm rapidly‚ rapid repolarization occurs. The polarity of the membrane changes from -70mV (resting potential) to a positive value
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“hydro-discipline‚” the Killpacks called the paramedics because Cassandra was unresponsive. The paramedics delivered her to the hospital‚ where she died later that day. Medical investigation found that Cassandra’s brain was swollen and the concentration of sodium in her blood and tissues was far below normal. Case 3: James McBride 4 James McBride‚ a 25-year-old police officer‚ died after a 12-mile bike ride that was part of a training course. Over the course of the ride‚ James drank roughly three gallons
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smell of rotten eggs (H2S); turns lead acetate paper black 1. Sodium nitroprusside test: WE + sodium nitroprusside 4 = purple / violet colour 2. Lead acetate test: WE + lead acetate 5 (aq) = black ppt 5. Nitrite: Pungent light brown gas 1. Starch-iodide test: WE + dil H2SO4 (or dil acetic acid); boil‚ then add solid KI + fresh starch sol = deep blue colouration Group II (conc H2SO4 group) – Cl(chloride)‚ Br- (bromide)‚ I- (iodide)‚ NO3- (nitrate)‚ CH3COO- (acetate)‚ C2O42(oxalate): Salt + conc H2SO4
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move from Ni to Pb Pb2+(aq) move toward Pb(s) C. electrons move from Pb to Ni Ni2+(aq) move away from Ni(s) D. electrons move from Pb to Ni Ni2+(aq) move toward Ni(s) (2) 2. Which processes occur during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride? I. Sodium and chloride ions move through the electrolyte. II. Electrons move through the external circuit. III. Oxidation takes place at the positive electrode (anode). A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I‚ II and III
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cations. When testing for cations/metals you could use a flame test this is the simplest and quickest way of test for cations another way that you could test for cations is a sodium hydroxide test this test consist of adding sodium hydroxide to test compound when coloured precipitate is formed them stop adding the sodium hydroxide and see what the cation is by using the table below‚ this table show what colour the precipitate is and any further results. Anion Precipitate colour Further
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