practised in Scotland; it is known that the Ancient Celts practised distilling which it has been said‚ and that the liquid they produced — known in ancient Gaelic as uisge beatha ("water of life") — evolved into Scotch Whisky. By the 11th century distillation first occurred in Scotland in the early Christian monastic sites. The primitive equipment used at the time and the lack of scientific expertise meant that the spirit produced in those days was probably potent‚ and occasionally even harmful. During
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Ammonia and Its Salts 1. Ammonia‚ NH3 is a very important compound in industry. 2. The main uses of ammonia: a) To manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate‚ ammonium nitrate and urea b) The liquid form is used as a cooling agent (refrigerant) in refrigerators c) As a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the Ostwald process d) To be converted into nitric acid used for making explosives e) As an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex
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Basis:- 1 Hr. Operation ENERGY BALANCES ACROSS THE FEED PREHEATING EQUIPMENT:The heating of cold 2-butanol feed is to be completed in three stages in order to avoid large heat losses. The cold feed is first preheated to its boiling point using steam as heating medium and then vaporized in a thermosyphon reboiler utilizing the heat contained in the reaction products. The vapor‚ which has entrained liquid is removed from the knock out drum‚ and then heated to reaction temperature using flue gas
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Other methods that were used before the invention of distillation include hand expression. Used only on the citrus fruits‚ the rinds were squeezed by hand until oil glands burst. It was then collected in a sponge and then put in a container. There was also Enfleurage. This was the way of getting oils from flowers. Heads of flowers were placed on to a glass frame‚ covered in fat and were replaced until the fat was saturated with the essential oil. It was the extracted with alcohol which dissolved
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Introduction: Aromatherapy is the practice of using volatile plant oils‚ including essential oils‚ for psychological and physical well-being. Essential oils‚ the pure essence of a plant‚ have been found to provide both psychological and physical benefits when used correctly and safely. The Essential Oil Profiles area details over 90 essential oils. Absolutes‚ CO2s and Hydrosols are also commonly utilized in aromatherapy. Although essential oils‚ CO2 extracts and absolutes are distilled by different
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................. .........................................................................6 3.6. Sugar Fermentation Process ......................... .............................................................6 3.7. Fractional Distillation Process ........................ ..........................................................7 3. Ethanol-based engines............................... .............................................................................7 4. Environment
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Tequila is a drink produced from distillation the fermented juice a plant called blue agave. Tequilas can be of two different types‚ one which is made from 100% blue agave and in some cases sugar is added from sources such as cane or corn syrup. There are around 50 companies that produce Tequila in Jalisco; still each one has its own different recipe. They differ in production process‚ proportion of agave used‚ and microorganisms used in fermentation‚ distillation equipment and maturation and ageing
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pili nut shells and pulp shall be used in the experiment. The shell and pulp extracts shall be obtained through Soxhlet extraction using Hexane (C6H14) as the solvent. After which‚ the resulting extracts shall be separated from the solvent through distillation‚ separately. The obtained pili nut shell extract and pulp extract shall then be tested in 30%‚ 50% and 70% concentrations. The
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and unique touch and taste to the food while its essential oil is used in treating different illness. A lemon grass has a long‚ thin‚ grey-green leaves which are tough and fibrous is chopped finely for its aroma to come out and yolk with the food. Citral‚ is an essential oil which is also found in lemon peels is the one responsible for its delightful aroma and taste. Citronella oil which produce menthols has many uses‚ this includes: making perfume‚ cosmetics‚ and as insect repellents. Its obstruction
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to volatilize water from concentrated solutions of sulfuric acid‚ but azeotropic distillation can sometimes help. Azeotropic distillation is the process of adding components to generate a new‚ lower-boiling point liquid compound or azeotrope. The sulfination reaction is exothermic but not highly corrosive‚ so sulfination can be conducted in stainless steel or cast iron sulfinators. A jacket heated with hot oil or steam can serve to heat the contents sufficiatently to get the reaction started‚ then
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