CORPORATE BOND MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA There are several good reasons for developing bond market. The most fundamental reason is to make financial and capital market more complete by generating market interest rates that reflect the opportunity cost of funds at each maturity. This is essential for efficient investment and financing decisions. Moreover the existence of tradable instruments helps risk management. Further the use of financial guarantees and other types of underwriting is becoming
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CHAPTER 3 Valuing Bonds Answers to Problem Sets 1. a. Does not change b. Price falls c. Yield rises. 2. a. If the coupon rate is higher than the yield‚ then investors must be expecting a decline in the capital value of the bond over its remaining life. Thus‚ the bond’s price must be greater than its face value. b. Conversely‚ if the yield is greater than the coupon‚ the price will be below face value and it will rise over the remaining life of the bond. 3. The
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product either directly or through a retailer or wholesaler. As for promotion‚ it involves publicising the uses of the product which is through advertising‚ branding‚ public relations and promotion. According to Berry (n.d.)‚ SWOT analysis is a vital step in developing a marketing plan because it shows a deep insight of critical and potential matters affecting the business. In other words‚ it shows the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization in the present and compares these with the external
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PURCHASING Primary Purpose To ensure a continuing supply of sufficient quantities of the necessary foods‚ each of the quality appropriate to its intended use and purchased at the most favorable price Types of Food to be Purchased 1. Perishables Typically fresh foods that have a short useful life after they have been received Example: fruits‚ vegetables‚ fresh seafoods‚ fresh meats 2. Non-Perishables Food items that have longer shelf-life Frequently referred to
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Using present value to value bonds A bond‚ from the perspective of the person issuing the bond is a form of long term debt. In the hands of the person who has acquired the bond it is an asset. The agency issuing the bond agrees to pay a fixed sum of money to the holder of the bond for a period of years and then‚ at the end of that period‚ to pay back the face value of the bond. Bonds can be issued by a variety of agencies/companies: 1. Municipal bonds: issued by cities‚ states and
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Bonds and Their Valuation After reading this chapter‚ students should be able to: • List the four main classifications of bonds and differentiate among them. • Identify the key characteristics common to all bonds. • Calculate the value of a bond with annual or semiannual interest payments. • Explain why the market value of an outstanding fixed-rate bond will fall when interest rates rise on new bonds of equal risk‚ or vice versa. • Calculate the current yield
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What are Yield to Maturity (YTM) and Yield to Call (YTC)? By calculating the present and future value of bonds‚ managers can make sound decisions about their potential strengths and weaknesses as investments. Answer the following questions in this week’s Discussion 2 thread: 1. What terms (or inputs) are needed to calculate yield to maturity (YTM)? How does this compare to calculating yield to call (YTC)? To calculate the YTM you will need to use Annual Interest‚ Par value‚ Market Price
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Issuing Audit Reports Simulation Stakeholders in companies rely on the auditors for confirmation that financial information is accurate. The auditor ’s opinions and observations are presented to interested parties in the form of the audit report. Any reservations the auditor may have to the fairness of the financial statements is stated in the audit report. Also included is a summary of any justified departures from generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and their effects. There are
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CONTENTS Introduction of bonds……………………………………………..01 Characteristics of Bonds…………………………………………01 Types of Bonds…………………………………………………… 06 Bonds Market……………………………………………………… 08 Introduction of Pakistan bond market……………...................08 How Bonds Trade……………………………………………….….09 Bond Price Variations……………………………………………..09 Bond valuation…………………………………………..................09 Types of bonds trade in Pakistan……………………………….10 Government Debt Securities……………………………………..10 Characteristics of MTBs and PIBs………………………………12
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perpetual bond is currently selling for RS. 95/-. The coupon rate of interest is 13.5%. The approximate discount rate is 15%. The value of the bond and the YTM is: (a) Rs. 90/- and 14.2% Value is (13.5*15%=90) and YTM is ((13.5/95)*100=14.21%) (b) Rs. 100/- and 13.5% (c) Rs. 90 and 15% (d) Rs. 90/- and 13.5% 902. In 2001‚ Meridian Ltd. has issued bonds of Rs. 10‚000/-each due in 2011 with a 14% per annum coupon rate payable at the end of each year during the life of the bond. If the required
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