www.igcse.at.ua ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OIL and its many useful PRODUCTS The origin of oil Crude oil is formed from organic material of the remains of plant and animal organisms that lived millions of years ago. These remains form sediments eg at the bottom of seas‚ and become buried under layers of sedimentary rock. They decay‚ without air (oxygen)‚ under the action of heat and pressure to form crude oil over millions of years. It is a fossil fuel because it is formed from
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My interest in chemistry grew tremendously after taking organic chemistry in sophomore year. If I have to describe organic chemistry‚ I would say that organic chemistry I (stereochemistry and basic reaction) was like pattern recognition for IQ test‚ and organic chemistry II (synthesis) was like solving a massive jigsaw puzzle. Organic chemistry came naturally to me‚ since I was good at visualizing molecules three-dimensionally
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Basic Stoichiometry PhET Lab Let’s make some sandviches! Introduction: When we bake/cook something‚ we use a specific amount of each ingredient. Imagine if you made a batch of cookies and used way too many eggs‚ or not enough sugar. YUCK! In chemistry‚ reactions proceed with very specific recipes. The study of these recipes is stoichiometry. When the reactants are present in the correct amounts‚ the reaction will produce products. What happens if there are more or less of some of the reactants
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MONTREAL PROTOCOL: The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect theozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible forozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16‚ 1987‚ and entered into force on January 1‚ 1989‚ followed by a first meeting in Helsinki‚ May 1989. Since then‚ it has undergone
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ALCOHOLS Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level‚ we will only look at compounds containing one -OH group. For example: Primary alcohols In a primary (1°) alcohol‚ the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group Some examples of primary alcohols include: Secondary alcohols In a secondary (2°) alcohol‚ the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY This page explains what electronegativity is‚ and how and why it varies around the Periodic Table. It looks at the way that electronegativity differences affect bond type and explains what is meant by polar bonds and polar molecules. If you are interested in electronegativity in an organic chemistry context‚ you will find a link at the bottom of this page. What is electronegativity Definition Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair
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be eliminated or destroyed‚ and thus were soon advised to clean wounds and apply remedies as soon as soldiers showed signs of disease.18 Some physicians discovered the use of bromine as a sanitizing agent. William Hammond found that bromine “prevented sloughing”19 after amputations; Middleton Goldsmith placed bottles of bromine in each of the wards‚ and noted that “within 24 hours [he] saw a marked change for the better in all the patients since not one had died in the barracks from this disease except
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163 CHAPTER 13 HYDROCARBON Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen. The important fuels like Petrol‚ kerosene‚ coal gas‚ CNG‚ LPG etc. are all hydrocarbons or their mixture. Sources: Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. PETRA – ROCK‚ OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known as natural
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John Cornforth was born September 7‚ 1917 in Sydney‚ Australia. When he was 10 he was diagnosed with ostoclerosis a disease inside his ear that would have him deaf by age 20. His chemistry teacher at the Sydney Boys high school got him interested in chemistry. He graduated from high school in 1933. At the age of 16 he enrolled at the University of Sydney where he studied organic chemistry. He graduated in 1937 with a bachelor’s degree in science with first class honors and the university medal.
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Relative Reactivity of Anilines Abstract: Various Anilines were tested with Br2/HBr solution‚ the products were crystallized and melting points attained to verify relative reactivity. My assignment‚ 2‚4-Dibromoanisol‚ was prepared in a yield of 52% with a melting point of 55-58 C . Reaction: Mechanism: Procedure: Anisole (0.35mL‚ 0.0378mol) was obtained and placed in a pre-weighed 25 mL round bottom flask‚ along with 2.5 mL of glacial acetic acid and a magnetic stir bar. Then the
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