Chp. 4 Biology Study Guide Page 1 8/30/2011 BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 4– THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Matter = anything that takes up space and has mass (major types of matter = solid‚ liquid‚ and gas) Any type of matter is made of one or more elements. o Element = a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by regular chemical processes. (examples: gold‚ silver‚ mercury‚ etc.) There are approximately 25 elements necessary for life. • Examples: oxygen‚ carbon‚ hydrogen‚
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those required by an organism in only small quantities. Ex: Iron and Iodine 4. Subatomic particles * Atom- smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. * Three types of subatomic particles: neutrons‚ protons‚ and electrons. * Electrons travel nearly at the speed of light‚ forming a cloud around the nucleus. * Dalton is a measurement used to measure subatomic particles. (same as atomic mass unit or amu) * Neutrons and protons weight about 1 Dalton
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Chemistry • Element – pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Made up of particles/atom of only one kind. Simplest pure substances. • Compounds – pure substances which contain two or more different elements. • Atom – smallest particle of an element. The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. • Chemical Group – the set of elements in the same column of the periodic table. These elements have similar physical and chemical properties
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of galaxies‚ gravitational pull‚ etc. however these theories rely upon classical quantum field theory physics and completely break down as we approach the subatomic scale. The standard model mainly relies on the quantum branch of physics which deals with subatomic particles and force carriers but this theory mainly relies on probability (particles such as electrons behave like a wave). Nevertheless‚ the force carriers for gravity haven’t been detected yet preventing us to associate the gravitational
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infinite causal chain. It simply denies that the actual chain of causes is infinite. Another reason could be that not everything has a cause. As scientists have observed some events that have no apparent cause‚ that appear to be entirely random. Subatomic particles behave very strangely
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session 1/2 block models of Democritus and Dalton. 2. Define an atom. Charge‚ p. 87 Section 4.2 3. Distinguish between the subatomic Problem-Solving Lab: Interpreting STM Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom 1 session 1/2 block particles in terms of relative charge and mass. 4. Describe the structure of the nuclear atom‚ including the locations of the subatomic particles. Images‚ p. 96 Section 4.3 5. Explain the role of atomic number in MiniLab: Modeling Isotopes‚ p. 102 How Atoms Differ
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Science 12 ATOM DEVELOPMENT WITH SCIENTISTS INVOLVED 400 B.C. - Democritus’ atomic theory posited that all matter is made up small indestructible units he called atoms. Democritus expanded the idea to state that matter was composed of small particles called "atoms" that could be divided no further. These atoms were all composed of the same primary matter with the only differences between them being their size‚ shape and weight. The differences in these characteristics explained the differences
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negative. Thompson noted that these negative subatomic particles were a fundamental part of all atoms. 1) Dalton’s “Billiard ball” model (1800-1900) Atoms are solid and indivisible. 2) Thompson “Plum pudding” model (1900) Negative electrons in a positive framework. 3) The Rutherford model (around 1910) Atoms are mostly empty space. Negative electrons orbit a positive nucleus. Ernest Rutherford (movie: 10 min.) • Rutherford shot alpha (α) particles at gold foil. Zinc sulfide screen Lead block
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Our thoughts are not physical. They do not weigh anything and can’t take up space‚ meaning it does not reach both requirements to be matter; thus it is not chemistry. In energy‚ there are subatomic particles‚ only negative charges‚ known as electrons. Electrons have a negligible amount of mass‚ and consequently not consider matter. So if something is physical and weighs an absolute amount‚ then it is considered matter‚ meaning it is chemistry. A
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Albert Einstein‚ an astrophysicist from Germany‚ had discovered evidence of the expansion of the universe through his Theory of Relativity‚ which was published in 1915. Following the creation of gravity‚ subatomic particles‚ such as protons and neutrons‚ were formed due to the force of the particles colliding with each other. It was actually around three minutes later that protons and neutrons came into existence. “Three minutes later‚ when the temperature was a mere 500‚000‚000 degrees Fahrenheit
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