regain aromaticity. Nitration is defined as replacing a hydrogen with a nitro (NO2) group. Nitration requires the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Mechanism of Nitration. A. Overall reaction: B. Mechanism: The nitronium ion is the electrophile generated by the nitric acid/sulfuric acid mixture. The reaction is "sluggish" with nitric acid-sulfuric acid. Note that the reactions are reversible‚ and shifted to the desired products by manipulating concentrations (i.e.‚ adding more
Premium Electrophilic aromatic substitution Nitration Benzene
Vegetative reproduction (vegetative propagation‚ vegetative multiplication‚ vegetative cloning) is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new individuals arise without production of seeds or spores. It can occur naturally or be induced by horticulturists. Although most plants normally reproduce sexually‚ many have the ability for vegetative propagation‚ or can be vegetatively propagated if small pieces are subjected to chemical (hormonal) treatments. This is because meristematic
Premium Benzene Aromaticity Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Method uses titration to determine dissolved oxygen in the water sample. A sample bottle is filled completely with water (no air is left to skew the results). The dissolved oxygen in the sample is then "fixed" by adding a series of reagents that form an acid compound that is then titrated with a neutralizing compound that results in a color change. The point of color change is called the "endpoint‚" which coincides with the dissolved oxygen concentration in the sample. Dissolved oxygen analysis is best
Premium Iodine Oxygen Water
revert back to its elemental form. Procedure: First‚ I added nitric acid with copper in a beaker‚ which turned into a copper nitrate‚ a blue-green solution. Afterwards‚ I added sodium hydroxide‚ and my solution colored to a dark blue solution called copper hydroxide. I heated the solution to evaporate the water and I got a brownish-blackish solid called copper oxide. Once the solid appeared‚ I poured in sulfuric acid to it and I got copper sulfate‚ a bluish solution. The final step I took was
Premium Chemistry Sulfuric acid Copper
a standard curve 2. Using the prepared curve‚ determine the concentrations for control and patient specimens. Materials and Reagents: 2ml 1M Sulfuric Acid 2ml of 0.1M Potassium Dichromate Distilled Water Pipettes Volumetric Flask Test Tubes Procedure: 1. Prepare 1 ml glucose solution and place in test tubes 2. Add 2ml of 1M Sulfuric Acid solution 3. Add 2ml of 0.1M Potassium Dichromate solution 4. Start timing until the color disappear Results and Discussion: The fastest
Premium Laboratory glassware Carbon Chemistry
Experiment date:06.12.2010 Report Date: 20.12.2010 ABSTRACT In this experiment‚ the purpose was to investigate E1 elimination mechanism with the reaction of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene. The reaction was acid catalyzed dehydration of alcohol and with catalyst sulfuric acid cyclohexene was obtained from cyclohexanol. And the product was obtained from the simple distillation and later it was reacted with bromine and potassium permanganate. The observations and results were all recorded.
Premium Alcohol Alkene Organic reaction
water leaching in several acid media increased the dissolution of copper and arsenic oxides and small amounts of zinc. A preliminary study by hydrocyclone classification was carried out with the objective of to obtain two fractions: a coarse fraction rich in copper and a fine fraction rich in arsenic. However‚ results obtained in this sample were not very successful. In the stabilization study‚ the residue obtained after leaching the copper flash smelter flue dust with sulfuric acid was mixed with sludge
Premium Copper Sulfuric acid Smelting
and is shown in Figure 1‚ below. Mechanism…EAS… Results and Discussion: Concentrated sulfuric acid was obtained and placed in a round bottom flask‚ which was placed in an ice bath. A stir bar was added to the solution and the ice bath was placed on a combo plate to induce the stirring mechanism. While stirring‚ 2-benzylpyridine and 70% nitric acid were added dropwise to the cold sulfuric acid. The solution was observed to be a yellow color. The flask was then placed on an already hot heating
Premium Sulfuric acid Nitration Benzene
reaction‚ two π electrons from the aromatic ring serve for the ring to act as a nucleophile and attack an electrophile. For nitration‚ this nucleophile is NO2+‚ which is produced by reacting nitric and sulfuric acids. After the nucleophile adds‚ the ring has lost aromaticity. Therefore‚ the deprotonated acid in solution can pull off a hydrogen from the same carbon that the nitro group has added to‚ allowing the electrons from that bond to go back into the ring to reproduce aromaticty. There are three
Premium Benzene Electrophilic aromatic substitution Aromaticity
the mass percent of cobalt could be determined. This step was then repeated. Coa(C2O4)b.cH2O + heat ( Co3O4 A 300 ml 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution was created by adding 25 ml of 6 M sulfuric acid to 275 ml of distilled water. A buret was then cleaned and filled with the KmnO4 solution. Next‚ 10 to 15 ml of 0.1 M sodium oxalate solution was added to 100 ml sulfuric acid and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask for titration. The solution was then heated to around 60 degrees Celsius. The solution was
Premium Titration Sulfuric acid Potassium permanganate